The New Penguin History of the World (232 page)

see also
Jews; Palestine; Zionism

Italy

Ostrogothic kingdom
304
,
307

linked with Germany under Ottonians,
403

disunity,
412
–14,
602
,
607
,
609

city-states emerge,
509
–10

revival of trade,
515
,
517

vanguard of literacy,
677

Enlightenment in,
691

Napoleonic division,
742
,
744

1848 revolts,
751
,
752

unification under Sardinia,
755

(i) 1990–1945: civil unrest,
866
; foreign policy,
883
,
890
,
892
,
934
,
951
,
955
; fascism in,
909
–10; World War II and,
958
,
966
,
987

(ii) post-1945: internal divisions,
970
; African territories,
1072
; communism in,
1108

see also
Etruscans; Rome

Ivan III ‘the Great’ (1440–1505), tsar of Russia, (1462–1505),
530
,
613
,
619

Ivan IV ‘the Terrible’ (1530–84), tsar of Russia,
530
,
613
,
619

Ivan VI, Antonovich (1740–64), tsar of Russia (1740–41),
623

Jackson, Andrew (1767–1845), US president,
774

Jacob, Hebrew patriarch,
109

Jacobin club, French revolutionary association,
749

jade,
134
,
147

Jagiellon dynasty in E. Europe,
609

Jahangir (1569–1627), Moghul emperor of India (1605–27),
440

Jainism,
130

James, St (d.
AD
44), apostle of Jesus,
268
,
411

James I and VI (1566–1625), king of England (1603–25) and Scotland (1567–1625),
440
,
586
,
604

James II and VII (1633–1701), king of England and Scotland (1685–8),
586
,
591
,
661

James Stuart ‘the Pretender’ (1688–1766),
607

Januarius, St (d.
AD
305),
674
–5

Japan

earliest pottery,
36

(i) medieval,
466
–76; resists Kubilai,
459
; clan power and shoguns,
466
–76; cultural dependence on China,
467
,
470
; topography,
466
; court arts,
471
–2; European presence in,
472
–3,
474
,
475
; military ideal,
471
,
473
; economy,
475
–6

(ii) modern to 1945: western contacts,
635
,
792
,
842
–4; industrialization,
794
; westernization,
797
,
844
; retained independence,
822
; China and,
837
–8;
839
,
846
–8,
918
–19,
927
–8; economy,
841
–2,
845
,
916
,
920
,
927
; feudal disintegration,
841
,
843
; technical receptivity,
842
; aggressive nationalism,
846
,
885
; World War I and,
892
,
893
; Asian domination,
915
–16,
918
–23,
928
–31; World War II and,
960
–2,
963
,
965
,
987
,
985
; occupied,
971
,
1063
–4

(iii) post-1945: foreign policy,
1062
–3,
1117
–19; post-war reconstruction,
1063
–4; economy,
1116
–7,
1160
–1; society,
1117

Jaroslav ‘the Wise’, prince of Rus (1015–54),
369

Java,
459
–60,
635
,
671

Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826), US president,
776

Jeremiah (fl. 626–586
BC
), Hebrew prophet,
114

Jericho, prehistoric settlements at,
41

Jerome, St (
c.
340–420), Christian churchman,
300

Jerusalem,
112
,
113
,
114

Temple of,
104
,
114
,
161

destroyed by Babylonians,
117
,
261

Christians at,
270

sacked by Romans,
270

sacked by Persians,
320

fall to Arabs,
330

crusader kingdom,
376
,
525
–6

British capture (1917),
938

Israeli capital,
990
,
1126

Jesus (
c.
4
BC
–
AD
29/30)

Christ, life,
265
–6

teaching,
265
–7

Jewish reactions to,
267

Jesus, Society of (Jesuits)

in China,
461
,
462
,
464
,
793
,
831

founded,
582

dissolved,
582
,
594
,
675

as missionaries,
670

Jews,
260
–5

origins,
108
,
113
–15

literary influence,
169

spiritual nationalists under Rome,
250
,
264
–6,
257
,
267
,
270
–1

theocratic view of history,
261

transformed by Exile,
261
–2

spread outside Judaea,
263
,
265
,
271
,
274

alienated from Christians,
295
,
308
–9,
320

immigration to Palestine,
937
,
940
,
988

Nazi persecution of,
953
,
963
–4,
988
,
1152

in Russia,
1071

see also
anti-Semitism; Hebrews; Israel; Judaism; Zionism

Jinnah,
1050

Joan of Arc, St (1412–31), French heroine,
507

John (1st cent.
BC
/
AD
), pre-Christian prophet,
266

John XXIII, pope (1410–15), deposed,
501
,
1031

John VIII, Byzantine emperor (1425–8),
385

John (1167–1216), king of England (1199–1216),
499

John Paul II, pope (1920–2005),
1031
–2

Johnson, Lyndon Baines (1908–73), US president

S. America and,
1087
–8

domestic policies,
1110
,
1101

Vietnam and,
1103

Johnson, Dr Samuel (1709–84), English man of letters,
1129

Jordan

prehistory,
32

Transjordan,
940

Israel and,
1070

see also
Arabs; Ottoman empire; Palestine

Joseph, Hebrew patriarch,
109

Joseph II (1741–90), archduke of Austria and Holy Roman emperor (1765–90),
595
,
626
,
692

Josephus, Flavius (37–
c.
100), Jewish historian,
271

journalism
see
press

Juan-Juan
see
Avars

Judaea, Roman province of,
262
,
263
–4,
270

Judah, Hebrew kingdom of,
114
,
115
,
261

Judaism

Zoroastrian influence,
164

source of Christianity,
260

shaped by Exile,
261

attractions of,
263
–4

Pharisaic interpretation,
263

Khazar conversion,
353

see also
Hebrews; Old Testament; prophets; Yahweh

Julian ‘the Apostate’ (
c.
331–63), Roman emperor (361–3),
294

Justinian I (483–562), Roman emperor in E. (527–62),
306
–9

administration,
308

attempts to restore empire,
307
–9,
351

failed to reunite Church,
309
,
312

Justin Martyr (
c.
100–
c.
163), Christian churchman,
284

Kalidasa (fl.
c.
375), Indian poet,
430

Kamakura period in Japan,
468
–9,
471

Kama Sutra
, Indian text,
430

K’ang-his (1654–1722), Manchu emperor of China (1662–1722),
461
–4,
831
,
832

Kanishka (fl.
c.
200), Kushan ruler of India,
432

Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804), German philosopher,
687
,
691

Kashmir,
816
,
1049
,
1120
,
1163

Kassites

rule in Babylon,
89
,
115

use of horse,
89

Katanga,
1075

Kemal Ataturk (1881–1938), first president of Turkish republic,
942
–3,
1179

Kennedy, John Fitzgerald (1917–63), US president

space exploration and,
1019
,
1021

and S.E. Asia,
1062
,
1101

Cuba and,
1086
,
1087
,
1094

domestic policies,
1100

Kenya, British settlement of,
827

Kepler, Johannes (1571–1630), German astronomer,
681
,
684

Keynes, John Maynard (1883–1946), British economist,
899

Khazars, central Asian tribe,
324
,
331
,
352
–3,
363
,
365

Khomeni, Ayatollah Ruholla Ruholla (1902–90), Iranian statesman,
1132

Khorsabad, Assyrian palace at,
116

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyvich (1894–1971), Soviet statesman

in China,
1058

and Cuban missile bases,
1087
,
1094

and Berlin Wall,
1094

fall,
1095

Khufru,
73

Kiev

Rus centre,
365
–70,
410

Mongol capture,
371
,
379
,
528

Kipling, J. Rudyard (1865–1936), British writer,
823

Klerk, F.W. de (1936 –), S. African statesman,
1080

knighthood, orders of

Teutonic Knights,
379
,
527
–8,
625

St John of Jerusalem (Templars),
527

Knossos

palace of,
95
,
96
–7,
98

collapse,
100

Kochba, Simon bar (2nd cent.
AD
), Jewish messianic claimant,
271

Kohl, Helmut (German chancellor),
1155
,
1156

Koran,
327
,
333
,
537

Korea

Chinese in,
446
,
461
,
837
,
846
–7,
848

Japanese concern,
466
,
467
,
470

division and war,
1044
–5

Kosovo 1145,
1151
,
1171

Kremer, Gerhard
see
Mercator

Krishna, Hindu god,
426

Kruger, Paul (1825–1904), president of Transvaal republic,
809

Kubilai Khan (1216–94), Mongol emperor of China (1259–94),
380
,
383
,
459

Kuomintang (KMT)

Chinese National People’s Party,
917

Twenty-One Demands and,
919

CCP and,
924
–7,
928
–9,
983
–4

in Taiwan,
1055

Kurile islands,
1118

Kush, African kingdom of,
83
,
151
,
160
,
477
–8

Kushan period in India,
428

Kuwait,
936
,
1070
,
1132

Kyoto agreement (1997),
1026
,
1185

labour

Byzantine,
353