The New Penguin History of the World (227 page)

US interest,
828
–9,
1085
–8

supports communist regimes in Africa,
1079

Castro’s revolution,
1085
–6

missile bases in,
1087
,
1094
–5

Curie, Marie (1867–1934) and Pierre (1860–1906), French scientists,
1013

currency
see
money

Cyclades,
102
,
359
,
361

Cynic school of philosophy,
222
–3

Cyprus,
90
,
105
,
116
,
239

raided by Arabs,
330

taken by Turks,
388
,
610

Cyril, St (9th cent.), apostle of Slavs,
364
,
370

Cyrus (d. 529
BC
), king of Persia,
118
,
161
–3

Czech Republic,
1150
,
1155

Czechoslovakia

Palaeolithic sites in,
27

state established,
901

democracy in,
911

German seizure,
955

Russian influence and,
976

liberalizing movement crushed,
1106

end of communist government,
1142

Dada movement in art,
946

Damascus

Amorites in,
61

Umayyad capital,
333

mosque at,
340
,
383

Mongol capture (1257),
380

British capture (1917),
938

Dampier, William (1652–1715), English explorer,
672

Danegeld, English tribute to Danes,
408
–9

Dante Alighieri (1265–1321), Italian poet,
339
,
505
,
539
,
540

Darius I (
c.
558–486
BC
), king of Persia (522–486
BC
),
162
–3,
185

Darius III, king of Persia (335–330
BC
),
216
,
218

Darwin, Charles (1809–82), British scientist,
877
–8,
882
,
947
,
1015

David (
c.
1060–970
BC
), king of Israel,
112
–13

Dead Sea Scrolls (Qumran writings),
265
,
266

Debs, Eugene (1855–1926), US socialist,
949

Decembrist movement in Russia,
762

Decius (201–51), Roman emperor (249–51),
285

Delhi,
435
,
854

Delian League,
188
,
195

Delphi,
175
,
185
,
209
,
222

Demothenes (
c.
384–322
BC
), Athenian orator,
213

Deng Xiaoping (1904–1997), Chinese communist politician,
1114
,
1146
–7,
1148
,
1159

Denmark

raiding
see
Norsemen

Danes, amber source,
105

megaliths in,
157

Charlemagne and,
397

settlement in England,
409

World War II and,
958

Descartes, René (1596–1650), French philosopher,
592
,
686
,
687

Devi, Hindu goddess,
431
–2

Dewey, John (1859–1952), US philosopher,
917

Dhamma
, Asoka’s social philosophy,
425
–6

diadochi
, Alexander’s successors,
218

diamonds in S. Africa,
810

diaspora
, dispersion of Jews,
271
,
274

Diaz, Porfirio (1830–1915), Mexican dictator,
1081

Diderot, Denis (1713–84), French encyclopaedist,
689

Diocletian (245–313), Roman emperor (284–305),
282
–3,
285
–6

diplomacy

professionalized,
599
,
889

Cold War,
1040

term détente used,
1092

‘hot line’,
1095

disease

Black Death (1348–50),
517

epidemics,
553

spread by imperialism,
643
,
646
,
667
,
669

reduction in incidence,
701
–2

influence,
982

see also
medicine; mortality rates

DNA,
1016
–17

Domesday Book, Norman economic survey,
506
,
523
,
545

Dominican order of friars,
496

Dominican Republic,
803
,
1088

‘Donation of Constantine’,
414

Donatists

Christian sect,
287
,
296

attacked by Augustine,
298
,
300
,
479

Dorians,
102

drama

Greek innovations,
208
–9

Indian,
430

Japanese,
471
,
474
,
476

Dravidian rule in Deccan,
429

drugs

import to Europe,
665

Chinese opium trade,
835

aspirin,
878

chemical research and,
881

see also
plantation crops (tobacco)

Dupleix, Joseph (1697–1763), French governor in India,
640

Dutch
see
Netherlands

East Africa

Swahili-speakers settle,
480

illiterate artistry,
481

technology,
481

European trade,
634

see also
individual areas

Eastern Question

Europe against Islam,
609
–11

see also
Ottoman Empire

East India Company (British)

in Persia,
392

founded,
439
,
637

political intervention in India,
638
,
640
–1

growth,
665

to China,
672

‘dual control’,
815

East India Company (Dutch),
636

East India Company (French),
442
,
640
,
641

economic organization

(i) ancient world: obscurity,
95
; in India,
122
: in China,
141
; in Mediterranean lands,
168
; in Greece,
192
; in Hellenistic areas,
216
,
219
–20; in Roman republic,
231
–2; in Roman empire,
257
,
259
,
277
–8,
283
,
286
,
289
,
290
,
293
; in Byzantine empire,
351
–2

(ii) medieval: early medieval regression,
417
–18; money economy in Japan,
475
–6; European,
513
–16

(iii) modern: increased emphasis on commerce,
556
–8; early industrialization,
560
–2; early modern Russia,
622
–3; plantation economies,
647
–8,
653
; effects of imperialism,
664
–5,
667
–8,
670
–1; effects of population growth,
699
; in industrial societies,
711
–12,
715
–16; state intervention debated,
717
–19,
759
,
868
; French Revolution and,
729
–30; US expansion,
772
,
780
,
886
; UK 19th-cent. prosperity,
786
; transoceanic,
793
–7; S. American resources,
803
–4; Japanese expansion,
841
,
845
,
916
; 20th-cent. Russian,
833
–4,
907
–8; World War I and,
894
,
899
,
903
; slump,
911
–14,
927
,
945
,
949
; state intervention accepted in capitalist areas,
945
,
950
; US aid to Europe,
960
,
966
,
972
; US post-war strength,
971
,
1006
; European post-war weakness,
973
,
1002
–3; in modern India,
982
–3; international disparities,
1000
–3; two world models,
1046
; in S. America,
1081
–2; European organizations,
1107
; in modern China,
1114
–15; South-East Asian,
1116
,
1158
–9; European Union,
1156
,
1158

see also
financial services; GATT; IMF; inflation; money; trade; World Bank

economic theory

trade limited,
644
–5

on colonies,
657
–9

Adam Smith,
688
,
691
,
795

laissez-faire
,
717
,
945

state intervention debated,
717
–19,
759
,
868
,
912
,
913

socialism,
758
–60

see also
free trade

Eden, Anthony (1897–1977), British prime minister,
1068

Edo (historic name of Tokyo),
473
,
475
,
476
,
841
,
843

education

organized in Sumer,
55

of Egyptian scribes,
71

clerical domination,
415
–16,
536

early modern Russia,
620

increase in literacy,
677
–9

Rousseau’s influence,
694

in British India,
817
–18,
851
,
854

in Japan,
844

scientific,
879

Turkish reforms,
943

see also
literacy; universities

Edward III (1312–77), king of England (1327–77),
507

Egypt

(i) ancient civilization,
42
,
66
–87; use of chariot,
83
; Hebrews in,
85
,
108
,
111
; foreign relations,
97
–8,
108
,
150
,
151
; decline of,
160
; Ptolemaic state,
218
,
221
,
243
,
245
; Fatimid caliphate,
342
,
372
,
376

(ii) modern: Napoleon in,
821
; British-French intervention,
822
,
824
,
891
,
933
–4,
940
–1; modernization and nationalism,
932
–4,
940
–1; economy,
933
–4; World War II and,
962
,
987
; in Arab League,
988
; Israel and,
990
,
1066
,
1070
,
1071
,
1121
–2; Suez crisis,
1067
–9; and Syria,
1121
; and Gulf War,
1133

Einhard (
c.
770–840), Carolingian intellectual,
400

Einstein, Albert (1879–1955), German-Swiss physicist,
1014

Eisenhower, Dwight David (1890–1969), US president,
1099

Russia and,
970
,
1045

election,
1044

S.E. Asia and,
1044

and Jews,
1069

economy and,
1098

Elam, Elamites,
50
,
60
,
61
,
64
,
116
,
117

electricity

use developed,
864
,
880

household use,
870

Faraday and,
878

hydro-electric schemes,
950

production and consumption,
1006

Elijah (
c.
mid-9th cent.
BC
), Hebrew prophet,
114

Elizabeth I (1533–1603), queen of England (1558–1603)

India and,
436
,
439
–40

Church and,
580

national idol,
586

against Spain,
603
–4,
659