The New Penguin History of the World (231 page)

intellectual impact of,
666
–7

social effects if,
667
–70,
672
,
790
–2,
818

Russian expansion,
813
–14

British naval bases,
814

Africa,
820
–7

S.E. Asia,
827
,
857
–60,
927
–8

US expansion,
827
–9

Mandates developed,
902
,
940
–1

in Ottoman territories,
933
–43

Japanese,
1063

British and Suez,
1068
–9

British, Arab resentment,
1071

legacy for Africa,
1073
–4

see also
colonization

Inca society,
487
–8

Pizarro and,
643

India

earliest civilization,
42
,
89

regions,
120

(i) ancient,
119
–32; origins of civilization,
119
–21; Harappan culture,
121
–3; Aryan culture,
123
–9; leadership of north,
127
; religions,
128
–32; Alexander halted,
216
,
218
,
423

(ii) medieval: attacked by Timur Lang,
383
; Mauryan empire,
422
–7; western accounts,
422
–3; political disunity,
427
–8; Gupta civilization,
429
–31; religious cross-currents,
431
–2,
433
–4; Islamic settlement,
433
–5; Moghul empire,
435
–43,
638
; European commercial presence,
439
,
441
–3,
637

(iii) British rule: British political intervention,
638
–41; Hindu-Moslem clash,
638
,
853
–5,
980
–2,
1120
; British control extended,
815
–18,
849
–51; social attitudes,
816
–18,
850
–1,
982
; Mutiny,
818
–20,
849
,
850
–1; economy,
820
–1,
982
–3; nationalism,
851
–2,
979
–82; religion,
859
; civil disobedience,
980

(iv) self-government: British withdrawal,
975
,
979
–82; constitution,
980
–1,
1049
; partition,
982
,
1120
; food supplies,
1007
; religion in,
1030
; foreign policy,
1048
,
1120
; politics,
1118
–20,
1159
–60; Sikh terrorism,
1120
; nuclear weapons,
1162

Indians, N. American

early colonial relations,
653
,
655
,
671
–3

extermination and eviction,
668
,
672

revolts,
721

depressed status,
827

in Canada,
810

Indo-China

China and,
460
,
1061
–2

French in,
827
,
837
,
857
–8,
986
,
1062

World War II and,
962
,
986

communists in,
986
–7,
1062
,
1105

see also
individual areas

Indo-European peoples,
47
,
61
,
100
,
102
,
107
,
124
,
159
,
224
–5

Indonesia

Dutch imperialism,
636

nationalism in,
858
–9,
985
–6

World War II and,
962
,
978

internal tensions,
1052
–3,
1121

economy,
1161

unrest in,
1159

political reform,
1161

Indra, Aryan god,
124

industrialization

medieval power sources,
516

slow growth,
560
–1

early modern Russian,
622
–3,
765
,
794

‘Industrial Revolution’, use of mineral power,
709
–11

technology,
709
–11

factories,
711

transport,
710
–11

topography,
712

social effects,
711
–17

socialism and,
758

in India,
851
,
982

social impact of widespread,
864

political tensions and,
886

Stalin and,
908

China,
1054

today,
1006
–7

see also
technology

inflation

in Roman empire,
278

early modern European,
562

19th-cent. Chinese,
833

post-World War I,
912

International Monetary Fund (IMF),
1003

in UK,
1110

information technology,
1009
–11

Innocent III (1161–1216), pope (1198–1216),
494
–5,
496
–7,
526

Inquisition

Spanish,
583
–4,
647
,
675

intellectual censorship,
679

intellectual activity

growth of rational thought in Greece,
199
–206

Hellenistic culture,
220
–3

Roman,
251

Islamic,
338
–41

Carolingian,
399

English under Alfred,
409

Gupta advances in India,
430

Islamic influence on Europe,
538
–9

Medieval scholasticism,
537

Renaissance,
540
–1

broadens via imperial growth,
666
–7

promoted by literacy,
676
–9

attitudes to science,
679
–86

Enlightenment ideas,
686
–94

19th-cent. movements,
876
–82

changing 20th-cent. patterns,
947
–8

élites,
1028

China,
1059

Soviet Union,
1097
,
1136

see also
literature; philosophy; science

International, Second Socialist,
867

International Monetary Fund (IMF),
1003
,
1039

Internet,
1011

Investiture contest,
492
–4

Ionia

Ionians,
102
,
163
,
185

philosophers,
201
–2

islands, Ottoman conquest,
388
,
609

British acquisition,
814

Iran

(i) ancient
see
Persia

(ii) modern state: oil and,
1070
; and Russia,
943
,
969
,
974
; Rea Khan’s coup,
943
–4; World War II and,
962
; revolution, and relations with USA,
1122
,
1125
,
1126
–7; war with Iraq,
1126
,
1132

Iraq

in Arab Empire,
330
,
335
,
336

nationalism in,
937

British mandate,
940

oil source,
940
–1,
987

World War II and,
962
,
987

in Arab League,
988

revolution,
1069

war with Iran,
1126
,
1132

and Gulf War,
1132
–3,
1175

relations with USA,
1170

Second Gulf War and after,
1176
–7

weapons of mass destruction,
1175

see also
Baghdad; Mesopotamia

Ireland

Norse trade with,
407

Viking raids,
408

famines in,
704
,
750
,
787

Act of Union with UK,
787

demand for Home Rule,
788
,
872
–3

Irish Free State,
903

civil war in Ulster,
1110
,
1152

religion in politics,
1031

peace,
1152
–3

Good Friday Agreement,
1152

Irenaeus (
c.
130–202), bishop of Lyons,
274

Irene (
c.
752–803), Byzantine empress (769–802),
356
,
357

iron,
35
,
90

in China,
43
,
141

military advantages,
90

spread of,
107

value to Hittites,
107

in India,
124
,
125

in Africa,
151
,
477

in Persia,
161

in Italy,
229

Russian exports,
623

smelted,
710

in Germany,
864

Isaac, Hebrew patriarch,
108
,
109

Isabella (1451–1504), queen of Castile (1474–1504),
508

Isaiah (8th cent.
BC
), Hebrew prophet,
114
,
118

Isaurian dynasty in Byzantine empire,
254
,
355

Isfahan,
392

Isis, Egyptian goddess,
77
,
81

Islam

Hebrew influence on,
114

origins,
324
–9

conquests,
330
–1

spread of,
330
–1,
343
–4

lack of records,
334
schism,
333
,
336

non-Arab converts,
334
,
335

nature of civilization,
338
–41

Orthodox view of,
347

cultural stability of,
372

political role in Middle East,
374
–6

Mongol attacks,
378
–9

in India,
433
–5,
854
,
981
–2

in Africa,
477
,
479
,
480
,
482

struggle against in medieval Europe,
524
–7

intellectual contribution to Europe,
538
–9

modern force of,
1030
–1,
1034
,
1037
,
1066

fundamentalism in,
1123
–5,
1130
,
1163

see also
Crusades; Shi’ites; Suni

Ismail (1486–1524), Safavid ruler of Persia (1500–1524),
390
–1

Ismail (1830–95), first Egyptian khedive (1866–79),
933

Israel

religious vision of,
110

tribes in,
112
,
113
,
114
–15

defeated by Assyrians,
114
,
115

Jewish national state,
987
–9

Arab hostility to,
988
–90,
1065
–6,
1070
,
1071
,
1130

Six Day War (1967),
1070
–1

Yom Kippur War (1973),
1071

and Egypt,
1121
–2

and Gulf War,
1132

and Palestine,
1169
–70,
1170