The New Penguin History of the World (230 page)

(iv) and Rome,
235
,
236
,
237
–8

(v) in Ottoman empire,
390

revolt,
750

independence,
871

World War I and,
892

Turkish concessions,
941

World War II and,
960

Russians on borders,
971

British intervention,
973
–4,
975

US aid,
975

joins EEC,
1113

Greenland,
407

Gregory, St (538–94), bishop of Tours,
303

Gregory I (
c.
540–604), pope (590–604),
312
–13,
314

Gregory VII (Hildebrand) (
c.
1023–85), pope (1073–85),
492
–3,
500

Guatemala,
907

Gupta empire in India,
429
–31

Gutenberg, Johannes (
c.
1400–1468), German printer,
541
–2

Gutian peoples,
59
,
60
–1

Habsburg dynasty in Europe

Holy Roman emperors,
509

Church and state,
595

wars against France,
599
–600,
602
,
604

territories,
601

against Prussia,
626
,
755

and Napoleon,
742

Dual Monarchy,
756
,
871
,
883
,
898

foreign policies,
887
,
888
,
889
,
890

Ottoman parallels,
937
–8

Hadrian (76–138), Roman emperor (117–38),
247
,
248
,
257
,
289

Hadrian’s Wall,
248
,
301

Haile Selassie (1891–1976), Ethiopian emperor,
1076

Haiti,
803
,
805

Hamdanid dynasty,
372

Hammurabi, king of Babylon (
c.
1792–1750
BC
),
61
–2,
64

code of,
62

Han dynasty in China,
446
–9

Later Han,
446
–9

Hannibal (247–182
BC
), Carthaginian general,
234

Hanoi,
986

Harappan culture in India,
121
–3,
127
–8

Haroun-al-Raschid (
c.
764–809), caliph of Baghdad,
338
,
341
,
398
,
454

Harvey, William (1578–1657), English physician,
682

Hatshepsut (
c.
1490–1470
BC
), queen of Egypt,
83

Hawaii,
828
see also
Pearl Harbour

Hebrews

Egypt and,
85
,
108
,
111

origins,
108

monotheism,
110
–11,
113

settle in Palestine,
112
–13

prophets,
114

see also
Jews; Judaism

Heisenberg, Werner (1901–76), German physicist,
1014

Hellenistic civilization

Alexander’s empire,
214
–17

government by cities,
218
–20

intellectual activity,
220
–3

influence on Byzantium,
350
–1

Persian damage,
353

Turkish annihilation,
388

Helsinki agreement (1975),
1129
,
1137

Henry ‘the Fowler’ (
c.
876–936), king of E. Franks (912–36),
402
–3

Henry II (973–1024), Ottonian emperor (1002–24),
404
–5

Henry IV (1050–1106), Holy Roman emperor (1056–1106),
493
–4

Henry VII (1457–1509), king of England (1485–1509),
511
,
600

Henry VIII (1491–1547), king of England (1509–47),
504
,
580
,
581
,
662
,
705

Henry IV (1553–1610), king of France (1589–1610),
581
,
599
,
675

Henry ‘the Navigator’ (1394–1460), prince of Portugal,
532
–3

Heracles, Greek hero,
102
,
213

Heraclius (
c.
575–641), Roman emperor in E. (610–41),
320
,
324
,
350

Hero of Alexandria (2nd cent.
AD
), Greek engineer,
220

Herod Agrippa I (d.
AD
44), king of Palestine,
271

Herod the Great (74–4
BC
), king of Judaea (40–4
BC
),
264

Herodotus (
c.
484–
c.
424
BC
)

Greek historian,
74
,
118
,
162

on Africa,
150

‘father of history’,
206
–7

on Scythians,
322

Hesiod (
c.
700
BC
), Greek poet,
207

Hideyoshi, (1536–98), Japanese general and dictator,
473
,
474

Hildebrand
see
Gregory VII

Hinduism

in ancient India,
128
–30,
131

development of,
426
–7,
431
–2,
438
–9

social practices,
431
–3,
850
,
854
,
982

Hindu-Moslem rivalry in India,
638
,
853
–5,
980
–2,
1120

essential forms revived,
852

Hippocrates of Cos (
c.
- 460
c.
357
BC
), Greek physician,
204
,
537
,
538

Hirohito, emperor of Japan (1901–1989),
1063

historiography

evidence, methods and problems,
549
–50

Greek,
206
–7

Gibbon,
691

Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945), German dictator racial views,
953
,
959
,
988

rise to power,
953

allied with Mussolini,
955

foreign policies,
955
–6

war strategies,
957
–8,
959
,
960

use of radio,
1039

Hittites,
47
,
61
,
64
,
90

influence on Egypt,
84
,
85

and Mycenae,
101

in Asia Minor,
106
–7

collapse,
107
,
115

Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679), English political philosopher,
590
–1

Ho Chi Minh (1892–1969), N. Vietnamese statesman,
986
–7

Hohenzollern dynasty in Germany,
594
,
625
–6,
627
,
755

Holy Roman Empire

foundations in Ottonian empire,
403
,
405

Habsburg domination,
509
,
595
,
601
–2

power limited,
570
,
600

Napoleonic revision,
741
–2

Homer, author of
Iliad
and
Odyssey
,
93
,
103
,
171
,
207

evidence of,
174
–5,
180
–1,
199

importance of,
174
–5

hominids,
8
–17

fossil sites,
20

Homo erectus
,
11
–17

Homo sapiens

prototypes,
11
–13,
17
,
18
–21

racial groups,
26
–7,
47

physical development,
30
–1

adaptable,
34
,
37

Homo sapiens sapiens
,
21
,
30

Honduras,
1083

Hong Kong, British base,
795
,
1064
,
1115

Honorius I, pope (625–38),
350

horses

exploited for war,
89
–90,
100
,
107
,
124
,
161
,
365

in Africa,
478

in Americas,
483
,
671

used for agriculture,
516
,
1005

declining use,
880

Horus, Egyptian god,
70
,
76
,
77

Hottentots,
668

Hsiung-Nu,
322
–3

expelled from China,
446

see also
Huns

Hudson, Henry (d. 1611), English explorer,
650
–1

Hudson’s Bay Company,
661

Hugh Capet (
c.
938–96), king of France (987–96),
402
,
408

Hugo, Victor (1802–85), French writer,
716

Huguenots, Protestants in France,
589
,
590
,
592
–3,
658

Hulugu, Mongol khan,
382

Human Genome Project,
1016
–17

humanism, embodied by Erasmus,
575

Hume, David (1711–76), Scottish philosopher,
691

Hunas in India,
433
–4

Hungary

Dual Monarchy
see
Habsburgs

defeat by Mongols,
379

defeat by Turks,
388
,
610

acquired by Habsburgs,
509

freed from Turks,
611

revolt,
751
,
753

Slav nationalism in,
871
,
898

Magyar nationalism in,
883

anti-Soviet revolution,
1093

end of communist regime,
1141

joins NATO,
1150

and European Union,
1155

Hung Hsiu-ch’uan (1812–64), Taiping leader,
835
,
836
,
837

Huns

Asian nomads, assault Roman Empire,
292
,
293
,
312

Mongolian power,
322
–3

hunting,
14
,
15
–16,
23
origin of aristocracy,
34

Hus, John (
c.
1373–1415), Church reformer,
501
–2

Hussein (
c.
1854–1931), sherif of Mecca (1908–24),
937
,
938
,
939
–40

Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825–95), British thinker,
917

hydrogen bomb,
1045

Hyksos, Semitic peoples,
83
,
89
,
97

Ibn-Sina (979–1037), Arab philosopher,
339

Ibsen, Henrik Johan (1828–1906), Norwegian dramatist,
869
,
918

Ice Ages,
18
,
19
,
26
,
29
,
30

Iceland,
407

Iconoclasm movement in Orthodox Church,
351
,
355
–7,
397
,
412

iconography

Orthodox Christianity and,
355
–7

of the Buddha,
472

IMF
see
International Monetary Fund

Imhotep (fl.
c.
2800
BC
), Egyptian architect,
73

imperialism

popular in Athens,
196

by suction,
323

crusades as examples of,
526

impetus for Europeans,
630
–1,
657
–8,
664
–5,
811
,
822
–3

commercial empires of Portuguese and Dutch,
633
–7,
800
–2

British in India,
637
–41,
815
–20,
849
–56

Spanish in America,
641
–7,
800

N. American settlement,
648
–56

economic effects of,
664
–5,
667
,
793
–7