The New Penguin History of the World (235 page)

Mitsui, Japanese traders,
841

Moghul empire in India

established in Babur,
435
–6

stabilized by Akbar,
436
–9

religious eclecticism,
436
–8

European trading posts,
439
–40

arts in,
440

popular revolts,
441

collapse,
638

formally ended,
819

Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi (1919–80), shah of Iran,
1122

Mohenjo-Daro,
128
,
132

Harappan site,
121
–2,
123

Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich (1890–1986), Soviet politician,
1092

monarchy
see
political institutions monasticism

in India,
130

Christian,
310
–11,
349

in England,
409
,
415
,
580

early medieval reform,
415

money

invented,
92

in China,
137
,
142
,
449
,
456

encouraged Greek trade,
178
,
182

terminology,
231

inflation in Roman empire,
278

Chinese use of paper spreads,
380

Ottoman,
388

little Dark Age coinage,
417

medieval growth of money economy,
514
–15

decimal systems,
736

see also
gold; inflation

Mongolia,
377
–8,
924

Mongols,
371

nomad warriors,
377

inspired aggression of Chinghis Khan,
378
–9

assault on Islam,
379
–80

khanates,
380

reasons for success,
380
–1

Il-khans,
382
–3

religion,
381
–2

Timur Lang,
385
–6,
435

ascendancy in China (1264–1368),
454
,
458
–60

repelled by Japanese,
470

Monophysites, Christian heretics,
309
,
349
–50

Monroe doctrine

US hegemony in N. America,
771
–2,
800

intervention in S. America,
804
–5,
829

deterred European imperialism,
815

stimulated US expansion,
828

alive and well,
1086

Montenegro,
872

Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, baron (1689–1755), French philosopher,
568
,
690

Morocco

French interest,
821
,
824
,
890
–1

independent,
1067

Islamic fundamentalism in,
1124

mortality rates,
523
,
551
–2

fall in Europe,
551
,
701
–2,
703
,
996

of slaveships,
560

in World War I,
893
,
895
,
898
–9

in World War II,
971

infant: in Egypt,
80
; in medieval Europe,
523
; fall in Europe,
701
; in war,
895
; world disparities,
996
–7; in Cuba,
1086

life expectancies,
996
–7

Moscow

medieval,
369
,
528
,
530

early modern,
615
,
619
,
623

Moses (
c.
14th cent.
BC
), Hebrew patriarch,
85
,
111
,
261

Moslems

Moslem-Hindu clash in India,
638
,
853
–5,
980
–2,
1120

Moslem brotherhood,
1123

see also
Islam

motor cars

spread of,
796
,
880
,
1009
,
1011

early use,
864

cheap American,
878
,
1007
,
1009

Japanese production,
1116

Mo-Tzu (5th cent.
BC
), Chinese thinker,
145

Mozambique,
977
,
1078

Mu-Awiyah, first Umayyad caliph (661–80),
333

Muhammad (570–632),
324
–9

background,
325

opposed by Quraysh,
328

teaching,
327
–8

Munich agreements (1938),
955
–6

Murasaki, Lady (978–
c.
1015), Japanese novelist,
471

Muscovy,
371
,
410
,
529
,
530
,
614
,
616
,
619

music

Arabic,
341

20th-cent. movements,
947
,
1056

Mussolini, Benito (1883–1945), Italian dictator

rise to power,
909
–10

aggressive foreign policy,
951
,
955

overthrow,
963

Mycenae, Mycenaeans,
100
–5

Nadir Kali (1688–1747), shah of Persia,
392

Namibia,
1079
,
1080

Napier, John (1550–1617), Scot, inventor of logarithms,
686

Naples,
385
,
536
,
589

Napoleon I (Bonaparte) (1769–1821), emperor of France (1804–15)

consolidated French Revolution,
738
–40,
742
–3

rise,
738
–9

redrew European map,
740
–1

awakened nationalism,
743
–4

influence on Russians,
762

Napoleon III (1808–73), emperor of France (1852–71),
755
,
756

Nasser, Gamal Abel (1918–70), Egyptian statesman,
1067
,
1068
,
1070

nationalism

growth in Europe,
504
–6,
585
,
607

stimulated by Napoleon,
743
–4

19th-cent. growth,
745
–6,
873
–4

associated with liberalism,
747

1848 revolts and,
752

in Eastern Question,
750
,
755
,
871
–2,
932
–44

Slav,
751
,
872
,
888
–9

in Italy and Germany,
755
–6

Chinese,
839
,
840
–1

in Japan,
846
,
926
–7

in India
851
–4,
979
–82

in S.E. Asia
859

in Ireland,
872
–3

in World War I,
917
–22

in World War II,
957
,
978

space exploration and,
1018
–22

modern political force,
1036
–7

Arab,
1066

continuing vigour of,
1187

naval power and tactics

in Crete,
97

of Solomon,
113

of Athens,
190
,
196

Byzantine,
307

English,
604
,
658
,
662
–4,
795
,
814
,
873
,
891

Spanish,
604
,
660
–1

Turkish,
610

warships,
610
,
633
,
664

Dutch,
660

French,
664

German,
873
,
891

Japanese,
919

see also
shipping

navigation

medieval advances in Europe,
531
–2,
534
–6

astrolabe,
538

Chinese and Arab,
631

see also
shipping

Nazism
see
Germany; Hitler

Neanderthal man

sites,
19

characteristics,
20

art,
24

Near East

Homo sapiens sapiens
found,
19

crucial zone of early development,
31
–2,
35
–6,
41
,
45

first civilizations,
42
,
47
,
49
–65,
106
–18

racial interplay,
47
–8,
106
–8

papyrus in,
78

literacy in,
93

iron in,
107

religious forces,
109
–10

Assyrian influences,
115
–16

integration of civilizations,
159
–60

see also
Fertile Crescent; Islam; Ottoman empire; individual areas

Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon (604–562
BC
),
117
,
118
,
160

Negroid peoples
see
racial issues (ethnic groups)

Nehru, Pandit Jawaharlal (1889–1964), Indian statesman,
1050
,
1055
,
1119

Neolithic era,
22
,
29
–30

matrix of civilization,
30
–1

pottery,
36
,
41

Mesopotamian settlements,
49
–51

Egyptian settlements,
67

in China,
133

neo-Platonism,
251

Nero (37–68), Roman emperor (54–68),
216
,
270
,
271

Nestorians

Christian heretics,
309
,
319

among Mongols,
379
,
382
,
383

in China,
459

Netherlands

shipping,
556
,
664

commercial interests,
558
,
564

Dutch revolt from Spain,
583
–4,
603
–4

commercial imperialism,
605
,
635
–7,
638
,
648
,
659
,
859
,
985
–6

in N. America,
651

Anglo-Dutch wars,
659
–60,
661
–2

slave trading,
668

World War II and,
958
,
964

Nevsky, Alexander (1200–63), grand duke of Novgorod,
528

‘New Deal’ in US,
949
–50,
971

New Testament

Gospel record of Jesus,
265
–6

Acts of the Apostles,
270

Erasmus and,
575

Newton, Sir Isaac (1642–1727), British natural philosopher,
684
–5,
686
,
690
–1,
947
,
1014

New York,
631

New Youth
, Chinese revolutionary journal,
917
,
921

New Zealand

discovered by Europeans,
673

expansion of food production,
708
,
810

Maoris,
806
–7,
811

self-government,
806
–7

foreign policy,
1064

economy,
1117

Nicaea, Council of (325),
288
,
350