The Modern Middle East (104 page)

Ghalzai Afghans,
30

al-Ghannouchi, Rachid (b. 1941),
257
,
258

Gharbzadegi/Weststruckness
(Al-e Ahmad),
151

globalization,
212
,
374–86
; deglobalization (1920s and 1930s),
348
; high-technology exports and,
375–77
,
463n85

Glubb Pasha,
46

GNP (gross national product),
352
,
353
fig,
359

Golan Heights: Israeli annexation,
126
; 1973 war,
129
,
131
,
138
,
190
; repopulation of Jews,
317
,
320
; Six-Day War,
119–21
,
126
; water,
402

government.
See
civil service/public employment; institutions; politics; states

Great Civilization, shah of Iran,
146

Great Depression (1930s),
348

Great War (1914–18),
36
,
38
,
39
,
44
,
50
,
67
; economic development and,
348
; empire form and,
27
; Iran,
32
,
56
,
61
; mandates after,
38
,
44
,
45
map,
50
; and Ottoman Empire,
13
,
28
,
35
,
44
,
50
; Suez Canal,
46

Greece, Turks,
53

Greek Orthodox, Lebanon,
247
,
248

Greeks, in Turkey,
28
,
53

green line,
337

Green Movement, Iran,
167
,
405

Green Party, Iran,
399

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC),
199
,
381
,
394
table,
401

Gulf Wars,
170–209
,
224
,
362
.
See also
Iran-Iraq War (1980–88); Saddam overthrow/U.S. invasion of Iraq (2003); Second Gulf War (1990–91)

Gush Emunium,
321

Hadi, Abd Rabbuh Mansur,
296

Haganah, Zionist military,
75–76
,
79–80
,
79
fig,
82–83
,
88

Hague Regulations (1907),
318

Haiti, Duvalier’s,
217

Hama, Syrian massacre (1982),
223

Hamad, Sheikh (b. 1950),
238

Hamas,
260
,
308
,
314–16
,
335
; Gaza Strip controlled by,
339–41
; Israeli air strikes on,
339–41
,
342
fig;
leaders,
339–41
,
342
fig,
343
fig;
Operation Pillars of Defense vs.,
339–41
; PNA conflicts with,
308–9
,
313–14
,
315
,
334
,
339
,
451n48
; al-Qassam Brigade,
451n48
; rejectionism,
315
,
345
; suicide bombings,
335
,
337
,
451n48
,
454n74
; women marching for,
336
fig

Hanafi, Hasan (b. 1935),
257

Haniya, Ismail,
343
fig

Hapsburg Austria,
24
,
27

Haram al-Sharif/Temple Mount,
333–35

harem,
26
fig

Harik, Iliya,
277

Hariri, Rafiq,
288
,
289

Hashemites,
39–42
,
63
,
71
,
412n9
.
See also
Hussein ibn Ali, Sharif; Jordan’s Hashemite ruling family

haskala,
74
,
417n14

Hassan, Jordan Crown Prince,
236
,
239

Hassan II (b. 1929), Moroccan king,
157
,
230
,
237–38
,
256
,
286
,
287

Hassanian democracy, Morocco,
237–38
,
286

Hawi, Khalil (1920–82),
257

Hebron,
321
,
322
fig

Hedayat, Sadeq (1903–51),
257

Heidari, Buland (1926–96),
257

Helmy, Taher,
271

Henry, Clement Moore,
100–101

Herzl, Theodor,
73–75
,
78–79
,
416n6

Hezbollah,
157
,
249
,
260
,
289

hijackings,
124

Hijaz,
412n9
; Arab Revolt,
28
,
39–40
,
62
; caravan trade,
9
; cities,
12
,
14
; Kingdom,
40
,
42
,
50
,
51
,
62–66
,
71
; nationalism,
66
,
71
,
417n9
; Ottomans,
23
,
28
,
39
,
46
,
62
.
See also
Mecca; Medina

hijrah,
15
,
409n21

Histadrut labor federation,
75–76
,
79

history,
2–5
,
9–209
,
405
; “new historians,”
82
,
419n39
; as process,
4
,
36
.
See also
Middle East

Hitler, A.,
301
,
330

Hittites,
9

hostage crisis (1979–81), Iran,
155
,
157–61
,
171
,
173
,
176
,
197
,
428nn50
,
51

housing: demolitions of Palestinian,
79–80
,
123
,
198
,
317–19
,
321
,
324
,
418n35
,
453–54nn60
,
64
; living in the streets,
365
,
462n69
; population growth and,
393–94
.
See also
settlements

Hoveida, Amir Abbas,
147–48
,
149

human rights abuses:
Country Report on Human Rights Practices
(U.S. State Department),
318
; by French in Algeria,
49
,
102–3
; Iraqi,
189
; Israelis toward Palestinians,
318–19
,
322
fig,
339
,
451–52n54
; toward Kurds,
188
,
244–45
,
431n42
; Morocco,
282
; against the poor,
368–69
; Saudi,
198
; security state organizations,
271
; sultanistic states,
215
; U.S. foreign policy and,
150
,
198
,
318
.
See also
massacres; terrorism

Hungary: democratization,
281
; Hapsburgs,
23
; migration to Israel from,
303
; new state,
70

Huntington, Samuel,
278

Hussein (Jordan king): brother Hassan replaced with son Abdullah,
236–39
; cousin Faisal,
230
; death (February 1999),
237
,
238
; and 1973 war,
132
; and Palestinian-Israeli conflict,
123
,
125
,
129
,
136
,
327
; and Second Gulf War,
186
,
191
; with West vs. communists,
95

Hussein, Saddam.
See
Saddam Hussein

Hussein, Uday,
276

Hussein ibn Ali, Sharif,
37
,
40
,
42
,
71
,
412n19
; son Abdullah,
42
,
46
,
71
,
84
,
412n14
; son Faisal,
42
,
44
,
71
,
230

al-Husseini, Hajj Amin,
302

Hussein-McMahon Correspondence/Damascus Protocol,
37
,
39
,
40

Hypocrites (Munafiqun/Doubters),
16

Ibn Saud (Abdel Aziz ibn Abd el-Rahman),
62–66
,
236
,
415n77

Ibrahim, Anwar,
258

identities: cultural,
13
; “the Other,”
6
,
13
,
302
,
304
.
See also
ethnicity; languages; national identities; religions

IDF.
See
Israeli Defense Forces

ijma,
16

Ikhwan Muslimeen.
See
Muslim Brotherhood

Ilkhanids,
21–22

imams,
29
,
114
,
153
.
See also
Khomeini, Ayatollah Rouhollah

IMF (International Monetary Fund),
243
,
283
,
356
,
367

imports,
377
,
464n16
; food,
394–95

import-substitution industrialization (ISI) policies,
347–48
,
464n16

inclusionary states,
213–18
,
223–29
,
263
,
273
,
367–68
,
437n26

independence,
8
,
50
,
53
,
67
,
69–70
,
96
; of associations,
284–85
; Bahrain,
238
; Egypt (1921),
46–47
,
50
; Gulf states (1880s–1971),
232
; Hussein-McMahon Correspondence and,
40
; Jordan,
50
,
235
,
412n14
; Lebanon (1943),
240
,
247–48
; in Maghreb,
38
,
47–50
,
98–107
,
218
,
237
; Sudan (1954),
96
; Turkey (1923),
28
,
53
,
56
,
69–70
; Yemen,
114
.
See also
state formation

Independence (Istiqlal) party, Morocco,
101
,
237
,
238
,
250

India: British and,
36
,
39
,
48
,
413n28
; Germany and,
61
; workers from,
393

Indonesia: Islamism,
258
; NonAligned Summit (1955),
92–93
,
95

industrialization,
347–48
,
387
,
388
; and environmental pollution,
396–98
,
400–401
,
464n20
; high-technology exports and,
377
,
463n85
; import-substitution industrialization (ISI) policies,
347–48
,
464n16
; and nationhood,
69
; population and,
394
; public employment,
351
; rentierism and,
362
; statist,
51
,
55
,
350–53
,
355
,
362
; water scarcity and,
400

infant mortality rates,
388–89

infitah
(open door policy),
134
,
137
,
219
,
284
,
351
,
369
,
372

Inönü, Ismet,
55

institutions: exclusionary states,
218
; Islamic Iran’s
bonyad,
225–26
; and national identities,
308
,
313–15
; partial democracies,
240
; political opposition,
250–53
; quasi-democracies,
239–41
,
248
; sultanistic states,
229
,
233
,
234
,
235
,
237–39
; Zionist statelike,
75
,
418n21
.
See also
bureaucracies; constitutions; military; parliaments; police

intellectuals: Arab nationalist,
87
,
90
,
107
; associations,
284
; Egypt,
90
,
126
,
256
,
257–58
; Iran,
146
,
151–52
,
165
,
257
,
258
,
286
; Islamist,
255
,
257
,
262–63
; Israel,
305
,
346
; Morocco,
101
; political opposition,
151–52
,
255
,
257
,
262–63
,
273
,
286
; secular,
257
,
262
,
263
,
284
; Syria,
90
,
106
,
174
,
257
; Tunisia,
104–5
; unofficial nationalism,
274–75
.
See also
writers