The Modern Middle East (102 page)

dress code, Islamic,
54
,
60
,
161
,
414n47

Dreyfus affair,
74
,
417n15

drought,
403
.
See also
rainfall

Druze,
47
,
74
,
245–48
,
303
,
440n93

dual containment, U.S. foreign policy,
191
,
199
,
201

Dubai, skyscrapers,
375
fig

Dutch disease,
362

Eastern Europe: communist/authoritarian states,
140
,
217
,
230
,
273
; democratization,
140
,
273
,
281
,
283
; migration to Israel from,
303
; negotiated revolutions,
140
; new states,
70
; parallel or alternative society,
279
.
See also
Hungary; Russians

Eastern Question,
37

economic development,
4
,
5
,
6
,
33–34
,
347–86
,
387
; Algeria,
219
,
351
,
355
,
357
,
359
; Asia,
347–48
,
361–62
,
377
; Egypt,
134
,
137
,
219
,
284
,
348
,
350–56
,
364
,
369
,
372
; environmental pollution and,
396–98
; exclusionary state formation and,
219
; extractive economies,
6
,
359
,
360
; Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and,
374–77
,
376
table,
462n84
; GDP,
226
,
323
,
352
,
353–54
tables,
360
,
377
; globalization,
212
,
374–86
; GNP,
352
,
353
table,
359
;
infitah
(open door policy),
134
,
137
,
219
,
284
,
351
,
369
,
372
; Iran,
58–61
,
141–49
,
162–66
,
169
,
181
,
182
,
348–84
; Iran-Iraq War,
180–82
,
184
; Iraq,
180–84
,
351
,
361
,
364
; Israeli-Occupied Territories,
310–11
,
317
,
321–23
,
332
; Jordan,
229
,
283
,
352
,
357
,
361
,
364
; Morocco,
229
,
283
,
356
,
361
; OPEC,
137
; “patron state” and,
277–78
,
348–49
; political opposition and,
260
; precocious Keynesianism,
362
; quasi-democracies,
241
; regionalization and,
377–81
; ruling bargain,
211–12
,
360
,
365
; Russia,
191
; Saudi,
63–64
,
352
,
354
,
385
; secular nationalism’s decline and,
254
; statist,
49
,
51
,
134
,
274
,
348
,
349–57
,
362
,
363–64
,
381–82
; sultanistic states,
234
,
235
; Syria,
348
,
351
,
357
,
382
,
403
; and trade,
348
,
377–82
; Turkey,
51
,
55
,
348
,
352
,
355
,
357
,
364
; Turkey-Israel alliances,
194
; unofficial nationalism and,
274–75
; water scarcity and,
401–3
.
See also
agriculture; aid; business; capitalism; economic sectors; employment; industrialization; land; modernism; oil; taxes; transportation

economic difficulties: debt,
361
; Egypt’s people,
265
,
272
; Great Depression (1930s),
348
; Middle East,
265
; PNA,
342
; recession (1980s and 1990s),
261–62
; and ruling bargain,
291
; sanctions,
199
,
382
,
399
; statism,
353–54
; structural adjustment programs and,
271–72
,
357–58
; unemployment,
141
,
261
,
266
,
272
,
323
; uprisings as response to (2011),
266
,
372–73
.
See also
economic development; economic reforms

economic interventionism,
457n7
.
See also
rentierism; statism

economic liberalization,
219
,
261
,
271–72
,
350–51
,
357–65

economic reforms,
219
,
291
,
356–57
,
369
; land reform laws,
94–95
,
146–47
,
151
,
180
,
369

economic sanctions,
199
,
382
,
399

economic sectors,
363–74
,
384
; authoritarianism and,
364
,
373
; formal,
363–65
,
373
; informal,
349
,
363–70
,
373–74
,
461n62
; Israeli-Occupied Territories,
321–22
; mobile informal,
365–69
; quasi-formal,
461n58
; registration with state,
366
,
369–70
; semiformal,
349
,
363–64
,
369–74
; stationary informal,
365–68
,
461n62
.
See also
banking; business; employment; entrepreneurs; poverty; socioeconomic levels; trade

education: Iran,
60
,
162
; Israel,
304–5
,
306
; Palestinian,
87
,
450n39
; and rebellion,
266
; secondary school,
266
; Syria’s French schools,
38
; Tunisian,
105
;
ulama
vs. state,
256
; West Bank,
311
.
See also
intellectuals

Egypt,
1
,
273
; agriculture,
94–95
,
353–54
,
369
,
402–3
; Al-Azhar,
256
,
258
; Arab Spring and revolution (2011),
5
,
217
,
267
,
275
,
291–95
,
293
fig,
386
; Arab world vs.,
109
,
114
,
123
,
134
,
189
,
192
,
193
,
326
,
327
,
455n83
; associations,
285
; British and,
3
,
38
,
39
,
46–47
,
50
,
51
,
65–66
,
91–96
,
218
,
348
,
412n7
; bureaucracy,
218
; Camp David Accord (1978),
125
,
134
,
325–27
,
333
,
345
; conspiracy theories,
274
; constitutions,
5
,
93
,
106
,
268–69
; Copts,
10
,
134
; cultural legitimation,
279
; and democracy,
268–69
,
282
; economic development,
134
,
137
,
219
,
284
,
348
,
350–56
,
364
,
369
,
372
; economic difficulties of populace,
265
,
272
; elections,
282
,
285
,
290
,
294
,
345
; environmental pollution,
399
; exclusionary/praetorian/
mukhaberat
state,
95
,
214
,
217–22
,
280
; France and,
23
,
96–97
; inclusionary state,
215
; independence (1921),
46–47
,
50
;
infitah,
134
,
137
,
219
,
284
,
351
,
369
,
372
; informal sector,
461n62
; intellectuals,
90
,
126
,
256
,
257–58
; Islamists,
266
,
272
; judiciary independence,
218
; King Farouq,
91–94
; Land Reform Law (1952),
94–95
,
369
; Liberation Rally,
95
,
113
; Madrid Peace Conference (1991),
327
; Mamluks,
21
; Morsi,
5
,
293
fig,
294
,
345
; Muhammad Ali,
23
,
412n7
; multinational corporations,
261
; national dialogue,
281
; oil workers from,
360
,
369
; Ottomans,
23
,
24
,
46
,
412n7
; Palestinians in,
309
; Pan-Arabism,
72
,
90
,
97–98
,
106–9
,
113–14
,
137–38
,
172
,
190–92
; Pharaoh syndrome,
21
; political opposition,
250–51
,
253
,
254
,
257–58
,
260
; poor punished in,
369
; “presidential monarchy,”
268–70
; radio,
98
,
113
,
122
,
123
,
423n41
; repression,
272
,
292
; Revolutionary Command Council (RCC),
92–95
; Saddam in,
174
; Saladin,
21
; Second Gulf War,
184
,
185
; security state,
271
; semiformal economy,
372
; shah of Iran,
158
; Shiʿites,
21
; social welfare programs,
271
; statism,
218
,
351
; Suez Canal nationalized by,
36
,
93
,
96
,
108
; Sufis,
284
;
ulama,
256
; UN peace resolutions,
125
,
132
; urban areas,
11
,
12
,
17
,
20
,
174
,
257–58
,
369
; U.S. Embassy graffiti (September 2012),
294
fig;
water,
402–3
; Young Egypt Society,
91
; youth population,
266
.
See also
Arab-Israeli wars; Cairo; Egyptian political parties; Mubarak, Hosni; Nasser, Gamal Abdel; Nasserism/Egyptian nationalism; Sadat, Anwar; Sinai; United Arab Republic (UAR)

Egyptian military,
270
; economic ventures,
221
,
270
; vs. Farouq,
91–93
; Free Officers,
92
,
93
,
127
,
218
; Nasser in,
89
,
92
; Sadat and 1973 War,
127–30
,
130
fig;
Soviet-made arsenal,
122–23
; Suez Canal crisis (1956),
96–97
,
97
fig;
Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF),
292–94
; UAR and,
113
; Yemen,
115

Egyptian political parties: Arab Socialist Union (ASU),
95
,
102
,
127
,
134
,
219
,
250–51
,
254
; Gamaʿa Islamiyya,
222
,
260
,
280
,
369
; Muslim Brotherhood,
91–93
,
255–59
,
282
,
294
,
314
,
345
,
369
; National Democratic Party,
134
,
271
; National Progressive Unionist Party,
251
; National Union (NU),
95
,
112–13
; Wafd,
91
,
251

Eisenhower, Dwight/Eisenhower Doctrine,
110–11
,
197

elections,
250
,
276
; Algeria,
220–22
,
271
; in associations,
285
; Egypt,
282
,
285
,
290
,
294
,
345
; exclusionary states,
220–22
; Indonesia,
258
; Iran,
158–68
,
286
; Iraq,
184
,
271–72
; Islamist parties and,
251
,
258
; Israel,
245
,
336–37
,
440n91
; Jordan,
251
,
282
; Lebanon,
288
,
289–90
; Libya,
5
; Morocco,
238
,
282
,
286
; Palestinian,
339
; predetermined,
280
; presidential monarchies,
270
,
271
,
276
; quasi-democratic states,
239–40
,
242
,
243
,
245
; security state,
270
,
271
; Sudan,
222
; Syria,
276
; Tunisia,
5
,
251
,
282
; Turkey,
240
,
242
,
243
,
244
; U.S. (1992),
202
; U.S. (2008),
206–7
.
See also
parliaments; voting