The Modern Middle East (101 page)

classes: entrepreneurial,
261
,
277
,
369–72
; lumpenproletariat,
365–68
; and rentierism,
360
,
362
.
See also
economic sectors; middle class; political elites; socioeconomic levels; upper classes

clerics,
10
.
See also
imams;
ulama

clientelism.
See
patronage

Clinton, Bill: and Iran,
165
,
191
; and Iraq,
434n80
; Palestinian-Israeli conflict,
191
,
329
fig,
331
,
332
,
334
,
336
,
342

clothing, laws about,
54
,
59–60
,
161
,
414n47

CO
₂
emissions,
397
,
398
table

Cohen, Elie,
119

Cold War,
110–11
,
146
,
170
,
193
,
197
,
207

colonialism: Israeli-Occupied Territories,
320
; Ottoman,
33–34
,
387
; Russian,
32
; state formation under,
215
,
232
; traditionalist anticolonialist nationalism,
101
,
102
.
See also
European colonialism

colons,
Maghreb,
48–50
,
99
,
101
,
102–3
,
108

Committee for Union and Progress (CUP),
27
,
51
,
54
,
417n9

communists: Eastern Europe,
217
,
230
; Eisenhower Doctrine and,
110–11
; Iran and,
32
,
145
,
148
,
150
; Maoist Fedayeen-e Khalq,
151
; Nasser and,
95
; Russian revolution (1917),
28
,
41
,
43
; Syrian party,
113
.
See also
Soviets

community: Islamic emphasis on,
2
,
7
,
11
,
17
; Jewish Yishuv,
76–77
,
79–80
; nationhood,
69
; nomadic tribes,
11–12
,
33
,
63
; village,
11–13
,
33
,
63
.
See also
tribalism;
umma;
urban areas

Compact of Medina,
15–16

concessions: repression combined with,
281
.
See also
liberalization

confederations,
13
,
40
,
57
,
72
,
114
.
See also
international organizations

conflicts,
3
; conspiracy theories,
161
,
183–84
,
188
,
274
,
275
; Medina Jews,
16
; praetorian polities,
278
; water scarcity and,
400–404
.
See also
border conflicts; casualties; coups; Palestinian-Israeli conflict; revolutions; street demonstrations; terrorism; violence; wars

consensus:
ijma,
16
; state-society,
273

consensus/consociational democracy,
248
,
250
,
288
,
289

conspiracy theories,
161
,
183–84
,
188
,
274
,
275

Constantine the Great,
10

Constantinople,
10
,
11
,
21
,
22

Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD), Tunisia,
271

Constitutional Revolution, Iran (1905–11),
31–33
,
56
,
61
,
142–43
,
284

constitutions: Algeria,
221
; democratization and,
282
; earliest written (Middle East),
15
,
16
; Egypt,
5
,
93
,
106
,
268–69
; exclusionary states,
221
; Iran,
31
,
32
,
144
,
158
,
163–64
,
224
,
282
; Iraq,
183–84
,
224
; Israel and,
247
,
307
; Jordan,
237
; Lebanon,
248
; Libya,
5
; Morocco,
237
,
286
; Ottoman,
27–28
; presidential monarchies,
268–69
,
270
; quasi-democratic states,
239
,
242
,
243
; Tunisia,
5
,
106
; Turkey,
27–28
,
242
,
243
,
411n61
; U.S.,
240

contraceptives,
389–93
,
464n10

Copts, Egypt,
10
,
134

corporations: multinational,
261
,
350
; state-owned,
218
; tribal,
233
.
See also
confederations

corporatism: Egypt,
134
; functional groups,
277
; monarchies,
230
,
233–34
,
277
; “populist-corporatist,”
457n7
; rentierism and,
361
; ruling bargain,
273
,
277
; Turkey,
55
,
242–43
,
278

corruption: Arab nationalism and,
90
,
91
; economic development and,
353
; Egypt,
91
,
254–55
; fees on semiformal sector,
372
; innovations such as radio,
63
; Iran,
141
,
147
,
148–49
,
166
,
198
; Islamist parties and,
259
; Kuwait,
186
; Lebanon’s Rafiq Hariri,
288
; Malaysia’s Anwar Ibrahim,
258
; Morocco and,
282
; multinational corporations and,
261
; Netanyahu scandal,
341
; PNA,
339
; political parties and,
252
; rentierism and,
360
,
362
; repression and,
254
; Saud clan,
64
,
198
; secular nationalism and,
254–55
; statism and,
353
; Syria,
254–55
;
ulama
and,
256
; Wahhabis and,
62

coups,
218
; Algerian FLN,
104
; Egypt attempted (1971),
127
; Iran (1953),
110
,
145
,
150
; Jordan attempted,
230
,
237
; Libya (1969),
218
,
226
; revolutions distinct from,
140
; Saddam’s bloodless (1979),
174
; Syria,
109
,
111
,
113–14
,
117
,
218
.
See also
military coups

crime: Mizrachim,
304
; state punishments,
368–69
,
461–62n69
; war crimes,
339
,
451–52n54
.
See also
hijackings; human rights abuses; violence

Crusaders,
21
,
34

Ctesiphon,
11

Cuba, revolution,
139
,
140

cultural values: Arab cultural leaders,
87
; early marriage,
389
; globalization and,
374–75
,
382
; identities,
13
; Iran,
161–62
,
165
,
228
,
279
; legitimacy based on,
279
; state types and,
227–29
,
235
.
See also
arts; education; ethnicity; intellectuals; languages; national identities; religions; socioeconomic levels

culture of debate,
287

Czechoslovakia: democratization,
281
; new state,
70

Damascus: Arab Revolt,
40
; French in,
41–42
,
44
; Islamic expansion into,
17
; Muʿawiya caliphate,
19
; 1973 war,
131
; and Six-Day War,
117
,
126

Damascus Protocol/Hussein-McMahon Correspondence,
37
,
39
,
40

Dayan, Moshe,
119
,
424n57

de Gaulle, Charles,
103

Deir Yassin massacre, Palestinians,
82–83
,
419n43

democracy,
6
,
213
,
264
; from above,
241
,
281
,
283
; Algeria and,
222
,
282
; Arab uprisings (2011),
5–6
,
405
; authoritarianism and,
5–6
,
209
,
211
,
262
,
268
,
273
,
281–98
,
405
; from below,
240–41
,
359
; civil society and,
241
,
243
,
280
,
284–85
; consociational/consensus,
248
,
250
,
288
,
289
; Europe and,
140
,
240
,
265
,
283
; exclusionary states,
221–22
; ideal patterns of transition to,
280
,
281
; inclusionary states and,
229
; Indonesia,
258
; Iran and,
142
,
155
,
239
,
262
,
280
,
285–90
; Iraq and,
183
; Lebanon and,
215
,
240
,
241
,
248
,
262
,
280
,
285–90
; liberal,
215
,
245
,
262
; military,
242
; Morocco and,
237–38
,
280
,
282–83
; negotiated transition to,
268–69
,
280
,
285–90
; partial/incomplete,
239–40
,
262
; PNA and,
330
; public facade of,
268–69
; quasi-democratic states,
213–16
,
239–50
,
262
; rentierism and,
235
,
359
,
362
; ruling bargain and,
273
,
280–98
; stateled transition to,
268–69
,
280
,
285–90
; sultanistic states and,
231–32
,
235
; third wave of democratization,
281
,
296
; viable,
240–47
,
250
; Yemen,
271
.
See also
elections; parliaments; republicanism

Democratic Unionist Party (Al-Waʾad), Jordan,
251–53

demonstrations.
See
street demonstrations

Denoeux, Guilain,
285–86

deportation: Arab Revolt leaders,
88
; Aramco employees,
416n83
; of Palestinian activists from Israel,
315
,
324

despair,
404–5

Destour Party, Tunisia,
104–5

Dhahran, Saudi Arabia,
63
,
64

diaspora: Jews,
74
,
299
,
387
; Palestinian,
89
,
309–10
,
387

dictatorships,
211
,
387
; bureaucratic,
219
; “instruments of cooption,”
290
; “insulting dictatorship,”
269
; political opposition,
250–51
; praetorian,
214
,
217–23
,
278
,
435n3

domestication, animal,
11
,
407n6

domestic politics,
8
,
36
,
51
,
110
,
139
,
297
,
347
; Algeria,
48
,
103–4
,
106
,
253
; Arab identity subordinate to,
192
; Cold War and,
110
; and economic development,
260
,
347
,
356
,
358
,
362
,
365
,
375
,
381–82
; Egypt,
93–97
,
102
,
106–9
,
113
,
127–28
,
132–34
,
253
; exclusionary states,
213–23
; French,
48
; inclusionary states,
213–15
,
218
,
223–28
,
367–68
; Iran,
31
,
56–62
,
143–67
,
176–77
; Iraq,
173
,
183–84
; Israel,
117–19
,
132
,
134–35
,
244–47
,
331–33
; labor unions and,
253
; Lebanon,
288–89
; Libya,
99
; masses,
223
,
224
,
227
,
228
; Morocco,
102
,
105–6
,
229–31
,
253
; official/unofficial nationalism and,
274–75
; Palestinian,
299
,
333
; “patron states,”
348–49
; quasi-democratic states,
213
,
215
,
217
,
239–50
; Saudi,
65
,
250
,
271
; sultanistic states,
213
,
215
,
227
,
229–38
; Syria,
109–17
,
218
,
219
,
221
; Turkey,
253
,
297
; U.S.,
202
; Yemen,
116
,
271
,
290
.
See also
associations; communists; constitutions; coups; democracy; leaders; liberalization; nationalism; parliaments; personal politics; political opposition; political parties;
repression; revolutions; ruling families; socialism; state formation; state-society relations; street demonstrations