The Modern Middle East (99 page)

Arabic language,
1
,
3
,
54
,
106
,
122

Arabism (Arab nationalism),
71–73
,
84–88
,
107
,
113–14
,
190
; Algeria and,
106
,
228
; Hijaz,
66
,
71
,
417n9
; Iraq and,
72
,
113–14
,
171–75
,
177
,
191–92
,
208–9
; Islamism and,
194
,
313
; Nasser and,
90–91
,
97–98
,
106–9
,
113–14
,
137–38
,
172
,
190–93
.
See also
Palestinian nationalism; Pan-Arabism

Arab-Israeli ethnicity: bedouin,
306
; Israeli discrimination and bias toward,
246
,
263
,
318–22
,
322
fig;
Palestinians in Israel,
2
,
242
,
306
,
309
; religions,
245–48
,
440n93

Arab-Israeli wars,
4
,
82–84
,
108–38
,
193
,
345–46
; 1948,
83–84
,
89
table,
90
,
91
,
92
,
98–99
,
420n67
; 1956,
96
,
110
,
247
; War of Attrition,
123
,
126
,
127–28
.
See also
October 1973 War; Palestinian-Israeli conflict; peace process, Arab-Israeli; Six-Day War (1967)

Arab League,
110
; Egypt and,
114
,
123
,
192
,
193
,
455n83
; paralyzed,
193
; and PLO,
117
,
136
; and Second Gulf War,
186
; summits,
136
,
193
; and Yemen,
116

Arab Revolt (1916–18), vs. Ottomans,
28
,
35
,
39–40
,
62

Arab Revolt (1936–39), Palestinians vs. British,
80
,
85
,
88–89

Arabs: “Afghan Arabs,”
199–200
;
Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey,
199
,
266–67
; balance of weakness,
194
,
199
; Gulf migrant workers,
393
; Iranian revolution widening rift with,
171
,
172
; Jordan’s image among,
191
; Lebanese identity,
248
; Middle Eastern ethnic majority,
1–2
; Moroccan Berbers united with,
101
; UN land for peace resolution and,
125
.
See also
Arab Christians; Arabism (Arab nationalism); Arab-Israeli ethnicity; Arab-Israeli wars; bedouins; Palestinians; Pan-Arabism; peace process, Arab-Israeli

Arab Socialist Union (ASU), Egypt,
95
,
102
,
127
,
134
,
219
,
250–51
,
254

Arab Spring and uprisings (2011),
4–6
,
35–36
,
217
,
250
,
280–81
,
290–98
,
385–86
; Bahrain,
239
,
267
,
275
,
291
,
295
; despair and,
405
; developments leading to,
267
,
271–72
,
372–73
; economic development after,
385
; Egypt,
5
,
217
,
267
,
275
,
291–95
,
293
fig,
386
; Jordan,
231
,
239
; Libya,
5
,
217
,
267
,
275
,
291
,
294–95
; military after,
221
; Morocco,
239
,
291
; official/unofficial nationalism and,
275
; Saudi Arabia,
275
,
295
; Syria and civil war (2011–13),
5
,
217
,
223
,
267
,
291
,
294–96
,
297
fig,
447n124
; Tunisia,
5
,
217
,
251–52
,
267
,
275
,
291–95
,
386
; Yemen,
291
,
294
,
296
; youth employment and,
266

Arafat, Yasser,
124–25
,
312
fig;
bodyguard numbers,
330
; Camp David II,
332–34
; death,
338
; and
intifada,
312
,
336
; Oslo Accords,
328–34
,
329
fig;
and PLO legitimacy,
136
,
449n28
; Wye River Memorandum,
331

Aramco,
63–64
,
416n83

Argentina, democratization,
281

Armenians,
21–22
; Lebanon,
247
; massacred,
27
,
410n60
; Turkish nationalism and,
27
,
28
,
53

arts: Ilkhanids and,
21–22
; Iranian Third Republic and,
165
; Palestinian,
87
.
See also
literature

Ashkenazim,
302–7

Asia: China,
18
,
139
,
140
; democracy,
258
,
265
; economic development,
347–48
,
361–62
,
377
; Indonesia,
92–93
,
258
; Jews from,
303
; Muslims in Afghan fight vs. Soviets,
200
; North Korea in axis of evil,
201
; oil workers from,
369
; population data,
388
,
393
; regional trading partnerships,
377
,
380
table;
U.S. military presence,
201
; Vietnam,
137
,
140
,
184
.
See also
India

al-Assad family,
436n10
,
439n78
; Bashar,
217
,
222–23
,
269
,
276
,
291
,
387
; Hafiz,
132
,
173
,
215
,
219
,
222–23
,
228
,
276
,
437n36

assimilation: Algerians by French,
48
,
65
,
99–100
,
102–3
,
228
; Jewish,
74
; liberal,
101
; Mizrachim with Ashkenazim,
306
; Palestinian diaspora,
309–10
; into urban mainstream,
408n14

associations,
284–85
; Iran,
32
,
284
,
287
; Morocco,
284
,
285
,
287
; Palestinian,
124
,
285
; professional and/or business associations,
253
,
284
.
See also
confederations; international allies; organizations; political opposition; political parties

Association of Southeast Asian Nations,
377

Aswan Dam,
95–96

Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal,
28
,
39
,
51–56
; death (1938),
53
; exclusionary leader,
228
; and Iran,
57
,
58
,
60
fig,
61
; and Islam,
52
,
54
,
255
; quasi-democratic state,
242
; revolutionism,
51
,
53
,
54
,
140
,
242
,
413n37
; secularism,
53
,
55
,
244
,
259
; vs.
ulama,
256
; veil prohibitions,
54
,
414n47

Atatürkism/Kemalism,
53–54
,
71–72
,
242–45
,
279
,
413n37

al-Attar, Raed,
342
fig

Austria, Hapsburg,
24
,
27

authoritarianism,
267–68
,
290–91
; and democracy,
5–6
,
209
,
211
,
262
,
268
,
273
,
281–98
,
405
; dictatorships,
211
,
214
,
215
,
218
; economy and,
360
,
364
,
373
; exclusionary states,
220
; inclusionary states,
223
; Iraq,
175–76
; and Islamists,
261
,
268
; “new authoritarianism,”
268
; PNA,
312
; and political opposition,
149
,
262
; populist,
219
,
223
; ruling bargain and,
273–74
,
280–81
; South America,
217
,
273
,
281
,
296
; sultanistic states,
229–30
,
283
; transformative,
218
.
See also
monarchies; repression, state; statism

authority.
See
central authority

axis of evil,
190
,
201

aʿyan,
31
,
310

Ayyubids,
21

Azerbaijan,
21–22
,
110
,
143

Aziz, Tariq,
173

al-Azm, al-Sadiq,
122

Baaklini, Abdo,
285–86

Babylonians,
9
,
10

Badran, Shamseddin,
122

Baghdad,
12
; Abbasids,
19
,
20
; Baghdad Pact (1955),
110
; British capture,
28
; railways,
37–38
; Saddam’s statue toppled,
202
fig,
205
; Saljuqs,
20
.
See also
Saddam Hussein

Bahrain: Al Haq,
272
; Al-Wefaq Party,
272
; Arab Spring and uprisings (2011),
239
,
267
,
275
,
291
,
295
; conspiracy theories,
274
; al-Khalifa monarchy,
238
,
272
; political opposition,
253
; Shiʿites,
272
,
295
; sultanistic state,
214
,
216
,
233
,
234
,
235
,
238–39
; Sunnis,
272

Bakhtiar, Shapour,
153

Bakhtiaris, Iran,
57

al-Bakr, Ahmad Hassan,
174
,
437n26

Balfour, Lord Arthur James,
42–43
,
77

Balfour Declaration (1917),
37
,
39
,
41
,
42–43
,
44

Balkans, Ottomans,
22
,
23

Baluchis, Sunni,
29

Bani-Sadr, Abol Hassan,
158
,
179
,
428n55

Ban Ki-moon,
342–43

banking: IMF,
243
,
283
,
356
,
367
; Iran,
352
; regionalization and,
381
; Turkey,
55
; Zionist,
75
.
See also
loans; World Bank

al-Banna, Hassan,
255

Barak, Ehud,
330–36

baraka,
101
,
421n84

Bar-Lev Line,
129
,
131
,
134–35

Barnett, Michael,
192

al-Bashir, Umar Hasan,
220
,
258

Basij, Iran,
161
,
166–67
,
179

Baʿth party: Iraq,
110
,
116
,
173–77
,
189
,
206
,
219
,
226
,
251
,
438n45
; secular,
254
; Syria,
109
,
112–13
,
116
,
173–74
,
218
,
219
,
251

Bazargan, Mehdi,
151–52
,
156–57
,
158

bedouins,
11
,
63
,
236
,
306
,
369
.
See also
nomadic tribes

Begin, Menachem,
134
,
326

Beirut: Arafat headquarters,
125
; University of St. Joseph,
38

Ben Ali, Zein el-Abidine: and Al-Nahda,
222
,
259
,
282
,
437n32
; brought down,
267
,
292
,
387
; economic and political liberalization,
219
; exclusionary,
215–16
; “the Family,”
270
; “insulting dictatorship,”
269
; and military,
220
,
292
; opposition,
217
,
291
,
292
; portraits everywhere,
269
,
437n36
; security state,
271