Knowledge in the Time of Cholera (56 page)

Bartlett, Elisha,
86–87
,
88
,
89

Bartley, Horatio,
Illustrations of Cholera Asphyxia
,
35
,
35

Bates, Joseph,
68

Behring, Emil von,
239

Bell, John,
96

Bellevue Hospital, New York,
172

Berlant, Jeffrey Lionel,
257n3

Biggar, Henry,
197
,
202
,
203

Biggs, Hermann,
176
,
184
,
186
,
202

Billings, F. S.,
165–66
,
168

biomedical research, and clinical practice,
210
,
251–52

Bismarck, Otto von,
149

bloodletting,
1
,
23
,
41
,
43
,
50
,
53
,
234

boards of health: alerting public to cholera,
34
; and allopathic/regular physicians,
113
,
115–16
,
128–29
,
133
,
135
,
136
,
137
,
138–47
; and bacteriological paradigm,
183
,
185
,
188
; debates on cholera,
26
; debates on composition of,
4
,
77
,
212
,
225
; and epistemic contests,
112–14
,
115
,
135
,
146
,
147
,
189
; and laboratory analysis,
183
,
184
,
185
,
188
,
208
,
211–12
; organizational infrastructure of,
179
; permanent boards of health,
132–35
; and plumbers,
115
,
137–40
,
147
,
225
; and political issues,
16
,
115
,
126–29
,
130
,
131–32
,
147
,
188
; and sanitary movement,
110–11
,
225
; and sanitary surveys,
122

Bossey, P.,
48

Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
: on cholera's symptoms,
31–32
; on cholera's trans
mission,
73
; debates over cholera in,
254
; on quacks,
67
; and therapeutic treatment of cholera,
33
,
36–37
,
48

Boston Thomsonian and Lady's Companion
,
51

Boston Thomsonian Manual
,
54
,
63

Bosworth, Joseph S.,
143

boundary work: and credibility contests,
17
,
259n15
; as cultural practice,
82
,
232
; and legitimacy for ideas,
14
; organizations' role in,
94
,
96–97
,
101
,
106
,
214
,
262n2

Briggs, Charles,
240

Britain: cholera in,
32
; government health care insurance in,
265n5
; and Koch's findings,
159
,
183
; and laboratory analysis,
231
; and medical professionalization,
230
; and quarantines,
150
; universities as model for American medical education,
204

British Medical Journal
,
150

Bronson, Henry,
2–4

Brown, E. Richard,
197
,
235

Cameron (New York physician),
33

Carnegie, Andrew,
200

Carnegie Foundation,
173
,
205–6

Carnegie Report,
205–6

Catholic Church,
252–53

Chapin, Charles,
211–12

Chapman, Nathaniel,
95

Chinese medicine,
251

chiropractors,
213

cholera: anticholera inoculations,
183
,
184
; Bronson on,
2–4
; debates over,
11
,
17
,
26
,
40–42
,
45
,
47
,
48
,
74
,
125
,
188
,
189
,
254–56
; definition of,
3
,
28
,
31
,
39–40
,
116
,
136
,
146
,
183
,
189
,
195
,
217
,
223–24
,
225
,
241–42
; diagnosis of,
31
,
32
,
41
,
90
,
168
,
169
; discoveries in history of,
7
,
148–51
; epistemological crisis of,
19
,
39–40
,
73–74
; etiology of,
7
,
25
,
26
,
57
,
91–93
,
116
,
124
; in Europe,
31–33
,
148
,
183
,
260n1
; faces of, from Horatio Bartley,
35
,
35
; as filth,
113
,
116–26
,
136
,
137
,
146
,
185
,
195
,
225
; incubation period of,
186
; in India,
149
,
166
,
167
,
181
,
260n1
; Koch's finding of cholera microbe,
3
,
6
,
7
,
27–28
,
149–52
,
171
,
176
,
178–79
,
189
,
221
,
225–26
,
239
,
263n1
; myths of,
77
,
262n1
; in New York City,
33–35
,
36
,
74
,
110–12
; Osler on,
3–4
; physical reality of,
24
; study of,
23
,
240–41
; symptoms of,
1
,
24–25
,
31–32
,
33
,
35
; therapeutic interventions for,
1
,
32
,
33
,
36–37
,
41–42
,
45
,
48
,
49
,
51
,
52
,
54
,
74
,
77–78
,
79
,
90–91
,
102
,
224
,
261n4
; translocal character of,
47
; transmission of,
41
,
73
,
224
; and transportation,
33
,
47
,
74
,
76

cholera epidemics: allopathic/regular physicians' reactions to,
32–35
,
40–42
,
48
,
49
,
53–54
,
74
,
76
,
77–78
,
79
,
90
; and bacteriological paradigm,
7
,
24–26
,
148
,
149
,
150
,
151
,
183
,
187–88
,
189
,
224
,
240
,
260n20
; broadside of New York City Medical Council,
74
,
75
; counting of,
26
,
260n18
; effect on allopathic/regular physicians,
1
,
2
,
19
,
21
,
23
,
26
,
36–37
,
39
,
45
,
47
,
49
,
71
; and epistemic contests,
22–23
,
26
,
59
,
73
,
78
,
79–80
,
217
,
224
; mortality rate of,
1
,
2
,
24
,
31
,
32
,
35
,
49
,
57
,
73
,
74
,
76–77
,
112
,
115
,
117
,
121–22
,
188
; New York City Medical Council's actions against,
74–76
; and sanitary interventions,
23
,
25
,
74–75
,
90
,
109
,
112
,
185
,
187–88
,
240–41
; spread of,
35–36

cholera nests,
123–24
,
131
,
134

Christian Advocate Journal
,
77

chronic fatigue syndrome,
252

Citizens' Association of New York,
130
,
131

Civil War,
104–5
,
106
,
109
,
190
,
262–63n7

Cleveland, Grover,
183

clinical practice: and biomedical research,
210
,
251–52
; and laboratory analysis,
219

cognitive awakening,
157–58

Coleman, William,
263n1

Collins, Lottie,
187

comma bacillus: Biggs's and Prudden's isolation of,
176
; and definition of cholera,
3
,
149
,
160
,
186
,
189
; and Koch's findings,
177
,
192
,
221
,
239
,
263n2
; and laboratory analysis,
185
,
192
; Pettenkofer's swallowing of,
159
,
178

common sense: and germ theory,
159
; and homeopathy,
99
; and Jacksonian democracy,
62
,
63
,
64
,
65
; and Koch's findings,
179
; and medical epistemology,
194
; and Thomsonism,
51
,
52–53
,
61
,
63
,
65

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM),
238
,
251

concept formation, in sociological research,
259n13

Connecticut,
262n5

contagion theories,
7
,
77
,
91–92
,
118
,
121
,
124
,
161

contested illnesses,
252

contingent contagionism,
91
,
124

Cooper, Peter,
130

corporations,
196
,
199–200
,
235–36

Council of Hygiene and Public Health,
130–32

Council
on Medical Education (CME),
205–6
,
207

credibility contests,
17
,
232
,
249
,
259n15
,
259–60n16

CTX phage,
25

cultural factors: culture as practice,
257–58n4
; and discovery,
156
; and epistemic contests,
18
,
20
,
71
,
82
,
106
,
107
,
232
,
250
; and institutional production of knowledge,
38
; in medical professionalization,
8–9
,
234
; norms of trust,
14
; and role of discoveries,
28
.
See also
democratic cultures

dehydration, and cholera,
24
,
25
,
261n4

de Kruif, Paul,
221
,
264–65n1
,
265n3

Deloney, Edward,
49

democratic ideals: and American Medical Association,
107
; and challenges to authority,
48–49
; and epistemic closure,
218
,
224
,
242
,
246
; and epistemology,
62
,
63
,
243
; and expert knowledge,
26–30
,
146
,
190
,
219–20
,
242–46
; and homeopaths' rhetoric,
54–59
,
63–65
,
79
,
87
,
107
,
213
,
215
,
218
,
261–62n10
; and values,
5
,
29
,
61–62
,
107
,
108
,
200
; and mapping of cholera,
119
; and medical epistemologies,
38
,
50–59
,
61
,
66–68
,
69
,
70
,
71
,
79
,
195
,
196
,
218–19
,
230
,
242
; and medical professionalization,
26
,
242–46
; and private philanthropy,
200
,
219
; and radical empiricism,
87
,
102
,
107
; and religion,
49
; and role of professions,
5
,
26
,
29
,
242
,
243
,
244–45
,
258n9
; and science,
244
,
266n9
; and Thomsonism's democratization of medical knowledge,
50–54
,
59
,
63
,
64–65
,
69
,
87
,
261–62n10
.
See also
lay public

Democratic Party,
61
,
62
,
63
,
129
,
130

democratization: and American culture,
48
,
49
,
190
,
258n9
; and medical knowledge,
38
,
39
,
54
,
55
,
59
,
61
,
63
,
64
,
68
,
71
,
80
,
86,87
,
119
,
217–20
,
243
; and state legislatures,
61–63
,
224