Knowledge in the Time of Cholera (58 page)

Georgia, repeal of medical licensing laws,
68–69

Germany: allopathic/regular physicians' networks with,
154
,
156
,
158
,
171–73
,
176–77
,
179
; educational standards of,
204
; government health care insurance in,
265n5
; and homeopathy,
162
; and Koch's India expedition,
149
; and laboratory analysis,
28
; and medical professionalization,
231
; university system of,
151

germ theory: acceptance of,
7
,
148
,
150
,
151
,
159–60
,
161
,
179
,
180
,
226
,
229
,
230–31
,
260n21
,
266n8
; and authority of allopathic/regular physicians,
6
,
28
,
91–92
,
154
,
162
,
165
,
166
,
167
,
168
,
178
,
179
,
180
,
189
; de Kruif on,
264–65n1
; and diagnosis,
184
; and discovery,
156
,
158
; and homeopathy,
163
,
164–65
,
168
,
180
,
226
; limitations of,
240–41
; and medical epistemology,
179
,
193
; and miasmatic theory of disease,
25
; and promissory practice,
168–71
; and public health,
160
,
211–12
; skepticism toward,
160–61
,
178
,
183
; and sterile surgery,
239
; variations of,
260n22

Giddens, Anthony,
261n2

Gieryn, Thomas,
14
,
17
,
259n15

Gilman, Daniel Coit,
204

Godkin, E. L.,
187

Gold Rush of 1849,
76

government oversight of medical practice: American Medical Association's opposition to,
4
,
26
,
29
,
102
,
189
,
212
,
236–38
,
243
,
265n5
; and epistemic contests,
188
,
190
,
191
,
217
,
218
,
243
; and health insurance,
228–29
,
237
,
265n5
; and laboratory analysis,
196
,
202
,
218–19
,
230
,
236
; and quarantine measures,
186–88
.
See also
boards of health; state legislatures

Grimes, James Wilson,
104

Griscom, John,
130

Hacking, Ian,
11–12
,
16

Haffkine, Waldemar,
265n6

Hahnemann, Samuel,
55
,
56
,
97
,
162–64
,
180
,
202
,
261n6
,
262n6

Halley, William,
138

Hamilton, F. W.,
207

Hamlin, Christopher,
241

Hammond, William Alexander,
262–63n7

Haraway, Donna,
259n11

Harper's Magazine
,
160–61

Harper's Weekly
: cartoon showing political board appointees,
132
,
133
; and quarantine measures,
187

Harris, Elisha,
125
,
130

Harrison, William,
186

health insurance,
228–29
,
237
,
265n5

healthy carriers,
178–79

Herter, Christian,
201
,
202

Hiller, Frederick,
57

Hippocrates,
263n2

Hippocratic system,
31
,
87

Holmes, Oliver Wendell,
101

Holt, Emmett,
201

Homeopathic Medical Society of Massachusetts,
104

Homeopathic Medical Society of the State of New York,
141

Homeopathic Physician
,
164

homeopaths and homeopathy: on allopathic physicians,
257n1
; and boards of health,
113
,
115
,
140–45
,
147
,
225
; democratic rhetoric of,
54–59
,
63–65
,
79
,
87
,
107
,
213
,
215
,
218
,
261–62n10
; and epistemic contests,
26
,
38
,
59
,
67
,
71
,
78
,
79
,
85
,
93
,
94
,
98
,
100
,
107
,
113
,
153
,
156
,
158
,
161
,
179
,
180
,
181
,
213–17
,
224
; and germ theory,
163
,
164–65
,
168
,
180
,
226
; government inclusion of,
93
,
102–5
,
213
,
234
,
262–63n7
; internal divisions,
164–65
,
215
; and knowledge advocacy,
235
; and Koch's findings,
28
,
151
,
154
,
161
,
162–65
,
178
,
179
,
180
,
181
; and lay public,
58
,
61
,
64
,
79
; and medical epistemology,
234
; medications of,
216
; method of,
55–56
; narrative of prediscovery,
162–65
,
170
,
225–26
; as quackery,
27
,
96
,
97
,
98
,
99–100
,
105
,
106
,
142
; rebirth of,
264n8
; relationship with allopathic/regular physicians,
21
,
26
,
27
,
28
,
55
,
57
,
67
,
77
,
79
,
80
,
81
,
87
,
93
,
96
,
97–100
,
101
,
102
,
106
,
113
,
135
,
164
,
179
,
213
,
215
,
225
,
245
,
262n6
; and repeal of medical licensing laws,
64
,
69
,
93
,
142
; resistance to laboratory analysis,
213–17
; and John D. Rockefeller,
197
,
199
,
202
,
203
; and sanitary interventions,
27
,
124
; and self-experimentation,
56
,
261n7
; and statistics,
56–58
,
63
,
64
,
79
,
90
,
91
,
101
,
107
,
118
,
124–25
; styles of reasoning,
59

Hooker, Worthington,
67
,
99

Hopkins, Johns,
204

hospitals: and education reform,
204
,
209
; and full-time controversy,
209–11
; history of,
209
; and laboratory analysis,
194–95
,
208
,
209–11
,
219
; and medical authority,
257n3
; and Paris School of medicine,
84

humoral system of disease,
31
,
42
,
50

Hungary,
32

immigrants,
188
,
264n1
,
264n2

immunology,
159
,
178–79

India, cholera in,
149
,
166
,
167
,
181
,
260n1

inductive reasoning,
44
,
56

industrial production,
196
,
198
,
201
,
235–36

infectious diseases: and allopathic/regular physicians,
2
; and bacteriological paradigm,
170
,
195
,
239
; cholera defined as,
3
,
170
,
189
; and diffusion model,
152
; and germ theory,
168
; and Koch's research,
167
,
177
,
178
,
183

Intelligent Design (ID),
266n10

International Hahnemannian Association (IHA),
165

invisible college,
171
,
179

isomorphism,
20

Jackson, Andrew,
34–35
,
63
,
261n9

Jacksonian era: and allopathic/regular physicians,
83
; and anti-intellectualism,
49
,
62
,
63
; cultural changes of,
234
; democratic ideals of,
61–62
,
63
,
64
,
65
,
200
; and democratized epistemologies of alternative medical movements,
26
,
39
,
49
,
50–59
,
61
,
71
; egalitarianism of,
8
,
50
,
51
,
53
,
61
,
63
,
94
,
190
,
220
; hostility to science in,
12
,
260n16
; politics of,
238
; and statistics,
58

James, William,
246
,
262n3

Jasper, James,
261n2

Jenkins, William T.,
186–87

Jenner, Edward,
266n7

Johns Hopkins Medical School,
201
,
202
,
204–5
,
206
,
207–8
,
210
,
226

Johns Hopkins University,
172–73
,
204–5
,
264n5

Journal of the American Medical Association
,
170
,
254

Kellogg, Edwin Miller,
58

King, Dan,
68

Knorr-Cetina, Karin,
192

knowledge advocacy,
19
,
235

knowledge claims: and epistemic contests,
16
,
17
,
18
,
227
,
231–32
,
253
; historicizing of,
152
; methods-based claims,
18
; rhetorical forms of,
248
; within epistemological system,
153

knowledge production: conflict model of,
21
; and epistemic closure,
246
; organizations for,
248

Koch, Robert: and bacteriological paradigm,
152
,
154
,
157
,
158
,
166–71
,
172
,
178
,
179
,
180
,
183
,
192
; causal link of microbe to disease,
158–59
,
160
,
169
,
171
,
178
,
241
,
263–64n4
,
264n5
; finding of cholera microbe,
3
,
6
,
7
,
27–28
,
149–52
,
171
,
176
,
178–79
,
189
,
221
,
225–26
,
239
,
263n1
; transformation of research into discovery,
153–58
,
166
,
171
,
178
,
179
,
182
; uncertainty and ambiguity in findings,
24
,
149
,
158
,
160
,
168
,
178
,
179
,
180
,
183

Koch Imperial Health Office,
201

Kuhn, Thomas S.,
12
,
258n7

laboratory analysis: and boards of health,
183
,
184
,
185
,
188
,
208
,
211–12
; and cholera epidemics,
184
; and diagnosis,
184
,
189
,
194
,
195
,
209
,
239
; and education reform,
194
,
203–8
,
210
,
211
,
216
,
223
,
245
; and epistemic authority,
183–84
,
190
,
191
,
194
,
196
,
219
,
220
; and epistemic closure,
214
,
217
,
218
,
238–39
; exclusionary nature of,
244
,
245
; expense of,
196
,
209
,
264n7
; experimental methods of,
4
; and German-American network,
154
,
156
,
158
,
171–73
,
176–77
; homeopathy's resistance to,
213–17
; and hospitals,
194–95
,
208
,
209–11
,
219
; interventionist nature of,
192–93
,
194
,
205
; and knowledge production,
248
; and medical epistemology,
10
,
22
,
28
,
153–54
,
158
,
160
,
165
,
167
,
176–78
,
181–82
,
191–96
,
205
,
209
,
211
,
218–19
,
220
,
222–23
,
224
,
226
,
229
,
230
,
235
,
241–42
,
244
,
245
,
246
,
265n2
; and medical facts,
3
,
4
,
191
,
192
,
193
; and patient/doctor relationship,
195
,
219
,
264n8
; and public health,
176
,
183
,
184–85
,
210
,
211–12
; and quarantine measures,
184–87
; and John D. Rockefeller,
198
,
199
,
235–36
,
244
,
264n3
; and Welch,
172–73
.
See also
bacteriological paradigm