Knowledge in the Time of Cholera (60 page)

Orme, Francis Hodgen,
56

Osler, William,
3–4
,
200
,
210–11

osteopaths,
213
,
216

Pacini, Filippo,
263n1

Paine, Horace,
125

Paris School of medicine: and allopathic/regular physicians' study of,
83–85
,
101
,
171
,
177
; and empiricism,
44
,
84
,
85
; Germany as alternative to,
172
; infrastructure of,
88
; radical empiricism inspired by,
27
,
80
,
85
,
88
,
165
,
225
; and statistics,
101

Pasteur,
Louis: and bacteriological paradigm,
152
,
167
,
176
,
180
; and France's Mission Pasteur,
148
; and germ theory,
156
,
159
,
266n8
; and hygienists,
263n3
; on Koch's findings,
150
,
159

Pasteur Institute,
201

Pasteurization,
156–57

patent medicine sellers,
261n3

patient/doctor relationship, and laboratory analysis,
195
,
219
,
264n8

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA),
228–29

penicillin,
239

Pennsylvania,
262n5

Pettenkofer, Max von,
150
,
159
,
178

philosophy: and epistemology,
16
,
259n12
; medicine as practice of,
3
,
4
,
42
,
43
,
45
; and social epistemology,
258n6

phronesis,
252

Pintard, John,
34–35
,
36

plague,
264n2

plumbers,
113
,
115
,
137–40
,
225

polio,
239

political parties, rise of,
48
,
49
,
61–62

Polk, James K.,
77

Popper, Karl,
168

positivism,
248

power disparities: and epistemic contests,
20
,
30
; and professional power,
2
,
13
,
22
,
26
,
95
,
108
,
135
,
137
,
226–27
,
236

pragmatism,
190

press: and bacteriological paradigm,
161
; and boards of health,
129
; and cholera epidemics,
74
,
77
,
78
,
109
,
110
,
112
,
188
; and Flexner Report,
207
; growth of,
47
,
49
; on Koch's discovery of microbe,
150
; and quarantine measures,
187

private philanthropies: and education reform,
204
,
207–8
,
211
,
216
,
217
; and elitist sense of responsibility,
200
; and epistemic closure,
217
,
242
; and laboratory analysis,
201
,
202
,
203
,
211
,
235
,
236
,
242
,
244
; and medical professionalization,
5
,
28
,
29
,
190
,
226
,
236
,
242
,
243–44

professions: defining standards and nature of knowledge,
20
; developments in knowledge base,
13
,
228
,
243
,
258n9
; ecological model of,
13–14
; and epistemic contests,
20–21
; and expert knowledge,
190
,
227
,
228
,
243
; organizational infrastructure of,
8
; role in democratic culture,
5
,
26
,
29
,
242
,
243
,
244–45
,
258n9
; role of ideas in achievement of authority,
13–14
; sociology of,
12
,
14
,
228
,
258n9
; and sociology of knowledge,
227
,
228
; and truth-wins-out narratives,
9

Progressive Era: politics of,
238
; and scientific expertise,
8
,
190
,
200
,
220
,
234
,
258n5
; surveys of,
206

progress maps,
117–18

proto-empiricism, and allopathic/regular physicians,
44–45
,
47
,
83

Prudden, T. Mitchell,
169
,
176
,
186
,
202

public health: and allopathic/regular physicians,
115
,
116
,
128
,
129
,
136–37
,
140
,
145
,
211
,
212
; and American Medical Association,
28
; and bacteriological paradigm,
152
,
169–70
,
195
,
240–41
; as eclectic movement,
27
,
117
,
135
,
225
; and germ theory,
160
,
211–12
; and laboratory analysis,
176
,
183
,
184–85
,
210
,
211–12
; and political issues,
222
; and sanitary interventions,
109
; and Welch,
173
.
See also
sanitary movement

Pure Food and Drug Act,
216

Putnam, Hilary,
180

quacks and quackery: allopathic/regular physicians' accusations of,
67
,
68
,
80
,
90
,
94
,
95
; and American Medical Association,
95–97
,
98
,
99–102
,
105
,
106
,
214
,
225
; homeopathy as,
27
,
96
,
97
,
98
,
99–100
,
105
,
106
,
142
; and medical epistemology,
5
,
180
; and medical licensing laws,
213
; and state legislatures,
65
,
66
,
80
,
96

quarantine measures: and cholera epidemics,
36
,
74
,
111
,
128
,
150
,
184
,
185
,
186
; and government oversight of medical practice,
186–88
; and laboratory analysis,
184–87
; and political issues,
185
,
189

rabies,
7
,
24
,
239

race: and cholera debates,
188
,
264n1
; and medical education,
245

radical empiricism, and allopathic/regular physicians,
27
,
80
,
85–90
,
92–94
,
98
,
100–102
,
106–7
,
125
,
165–67
,
181
,
189
,
191–92
,
225
,
233
,
244
,
262n3

rationalism: and allopathic/regular physicians,
37
,
40
,
42–45
,
80
,
85
,
87
,
88
,
89
,
90
,
93
,
191
,
224–25
,
233
,
244
,
262n6
; and cholera epidemic,
77
; and Thomsonism,
50

Reese, David Meredith,
34

reform
movements,
49

relativism,
248

religion: and cholera epidemics,
34
,
78
,
112
; and democratic cultures,
49
; and science,
65
,
252–53

Report of the Council of Hygiene
,
122
,
130–32

Roberts, W. C.,
110

Rockefeller, John D., Jr.,
200
,
201

Rockefeller, John D., Sr.,
196–98
,
200–202
,
208
,
226
,
235–36
,
244
,
264n3

Rockefeller, Lucy,
197

Rockefeller Foundation: and American Medical Association,
227
,
236
; and bacteriological paradigm,
190
,
200–201
; and Flexner Report,
207
; and hospitals,
209–11
; and medical reform,
213
,
214
,
215
,
217
,
218
,
219
,
226
; and public health,
212
; and science,
198
; and Welch,
173
,
201–2
,
208
; and World Health Organization,
240

Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research,
169
,
176
,
197
,
202–5
,
221

Roosevelt, Theodore,
199

Rosenberg, Charles,
23
,
76
,
260n18
,
260n20

Roux, Emile,
148

Rush, Benjamin,
42

Sanitarian
,
110

Sanitary Commission,
125

sanitary interventions: and cholera epidemics,
23
,
25
,
74–75
,
90
,
109
,
112
,
185
,
187–88
,
240–41
; and developments in medical knowledge,
6
; and germ theory,
169
,
211
; and miasmic theory of disease,
7
,
25
,
27
,
170

sanitary movement: and disease as filth,
109–11
,
112
,
113
,
115
,
185
,
211
,
225
; disparate actors of,
113
,
117
,
125–26
,
263n1
; and dot maps,
115
,
118–19
,
119
,
121
,
122
,
123
,
127
; and epistemic authority,
113
,
114
,
126
,
128
,
146
,
183
; and epistemic contest,
113
; and intellectual ecumenism,
114
,
116
,
126–28
,
130
,
132
,
133
,
136
,
145
,
147
,
176
,
183
,
211
,
212
,
225
; motivations of,
127
; and normal mortality rate,
115
,
117
,
121–22
,
125
; and plumbers,
115
,
137–40
; and progress maps,
117–18
; and sanitary surveys,
115
,
117
,
122–23
,
125
; and spot maps,
118
,
120
; and statistics,
121
,
124–25
; and trustworthiness,
126–28
.
See also
public health

sanitary surveys,
115
,
117
,
122–23
,
125

Scheid, Volker,
251

Schultz, Jackson,
143
,
144

science: and allopathic/regular physicians,
2
,
3
,
28
,
211
; and attribution model of discoveries,
155
; corporate science,
198
; and credibility contests,
17
; cultural authority of,
9
,
12
; and democratic cultures,
244
,
266n9
; diffusion model of,
5–6
,
152
; and education reform,
204
; and epistemic authority,
114
; feminist critiques of,
259n11
; and free and open debate,
65–66
; and homeopathy,
55
,
79
; ideal type of,
15
,
18
,
114
; and medical reform,
214
; Progressive Era's embrace of scientific expertise,
8
,
190
,
200
,
220
,
234
,
258n5
; and religion,
65
,
252–53
; sociology of science downstream,
14
,
17
,
82
,
155
,
232
,
248
,
250
; theoretical neutrality of,
202
; and truth-wins-out narratives,
7
.
See also
bacteriological paradigm; sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK)

scientific method,
18
,
114

scientific progress, logic of,
6
,
155

Second Bank of the United States,
63
,
261n9

Second Great Awakening,
49

secularization, and cholera epidemics,
23
,
112
,
260n20

sense-making practices, and network formation,
157
,
263n3

Sewell, William,
21
,
260n17

Shakespeare, Edward O.,
168–69
,
183–84
,
185
,
190
,
198
,
217