Knowledge in the Time of Cholera (59 page)

Lakoff, Andrew,
251

Larson, Magali,
238

Latin,
allopathic/regular physicians' use of,
46
,
52
,
67

Latour, Bruno,
156–57
,
263n3

law of similars (
similia similibus curantur
),
56
,
93
,
163
,
216

lay public: and allopathic/regular physicians,
67
,
72
,
80
,
95
,
102
; and homeopathy,
58
,
61
,
64
,
79
; and New York State legislature,
64–65
; and patient/doctor relationship,
195
; role in democracy,
220
,
242
,
243
; and sanitary interventions,
211
; and Thomsonism,
65

Lee, Robert E.,
109

Lewins, Robert,
48
,
261n4

Lewis, Sinclair,
221–23

Lincoln, Abraham,
104

Lippe, Arthur,
58–59

Lister, Joseph,
266n8

Little, Arthur D.,
198

Loeb, Jacques,
265n3

Löffler, Friedrich,
263n4

Loomis, Albert L.,
166
,
210

Louis, Pierre Charles Alexandre,
89

Magendie, M.,
31

Maine State Board of Health,
203

Mannheim, Karl,
243

Mantini-Briggs, Clara,
240

Maryland, repeal of medical licensing laws,
69

Massachusetts,
135
,
262n5

Mather, Cotton,
266n7

McPherson, John,
187

measles,
239

Medical and Surgical Reporter
,
169

Medical College of Geneva (New York),
40

medical epistemology: and allopathic/regular physicians,
42
,
45–48
,
80
,
83–84
,
90–93
,
191–96
,
217
; and alternative medical movements,
26
,
39
,
49
,
50–59
,
61
,
71
,
218
,
234
; debates on,
12
,
13
,
15
,
19
,
38
,
42–43
,
153
,
196
,
218
,
226
,
232
,
242
; democratic visions for,
38
,
50–59
,
61
,
66–68
,
69
,
70
,
71
,
79
,
195
,
196
,
218–19
,
230
,
242
; during cholera epidemic of 1832,
2–3
,
5
,
11
; hierarchies of,
59
,
59
,
63
,
67
,
70
,
102
; and Koch's findings,
151
,
153
; and laboratory analysis,
10
,
22
,
28
,
153–54
,
158
,
160
,
165
,
167
,
176–78
,
181–82
,
191–96
,
205
,
209
,
211
,
218–19
,
220
,
222–23
,
224
,
226
,
229
,
230
,
235
,
241–42
,
244
,
245
,
246
,
265n2
; and Lewis's novel,
221–23
; and medical facts,
3
,
4
,
11
; and medical professionalization,
4
,
10
,
11
,
15
,
21
,
234–38
; of Paris School,
84
; reformulation of,
2
,
4
,
5–6
,
9
,
10
,
11
,
12
,
15
,
179
,
181
,
193
,
203
,
227
; and truth-wins-out narratives,
5–6

medical facts: and epistemic contests,
17
,
191
; and laboratory analysis,
3
,
4
,
191
,
192
,
193
; and medical epistemology,
3
,
4
,
11
; and radical empiricism,
85–89
,
191
; and truth-wins-out narratives,
9

medical licensing laws: conflicts over,
4
; and epistemic contests,
38
,
59–61
; and laboratory analysis,
208
,
216
; repeal of,
26
,
37
,
39
,
60–61
,
60
,
64–70
,
69
,
71
,
78
,
83
,
93
,
142
,
213
,
224
; states' passage of,
1
,
39
,
59–60
; and Thomsonism,
53
,
54
,
64

medical professionalization: and autonomy,
70
,
136
,
140
,
212
,
219
,
257n3
,
263n7
; and bacteriological paradigm,
191
,
195
,
208
,
258n5
; and class differences,
230
; and competition,
2
; concepts of,
81
; consolidation of authority,
1
,
2
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
12–13
,
28
,
37–39
,
45
,
185
,
213–14
,
219
,
226
,
236
; debates on,
4–5
,
12
; and democratic ideals,
29
,
242–46
; effect of cholera epidemics on,
1
,
2
,
23
,
26
,
49
; and epistemic closure,
238
; and epistemic contests,
226–33
,
238
; and exceptionalism in U.S. medical system,
228–30
; and expert knowledge,
191
,
227
; functionalist accounts of,
8
; and laboratory analysis,
230
,
242
; and medical epistemology,
4
,
10
,
11
,
15
,
21
,
234–38
; and medical licensing laws,
59–60
,
70
; organizational factors in,
8–9
,
81–82
,
191
,
213–14
,
226
,
243
,
257n3
; political explanations of,
8
,
12
,
15
,
21
,
29
,
30
; and private philanthropies,
5
,
28
,
29
,
190
,
226
,
236
,
242
,
243–44
; rethinking of,
234–38
; and sanitary success,
27
; sociological analyses of,
8–9
,
13
; and truth-wins-out narrative,
6
,
7
,
8
,
10

Medical Record
,
202

medical reform: and education reform,
208
; and epistemic closure,
208–17
,
219
,
246
; and epistemic contests,
19
,
26
,
189
,
190
; and German-American network,
154
,
171–73
,
176–77
,
179
; and germ theory,
178
,
179
,
189
; and industrial philanthropists,
28
; and laboratory analysis,
182
,
188
,
190–96
,
203
,
213
,
226
,
233
; and Rockefeller Foundation,
213
,
214
,
215
,
217
,
218
,
219
,
226
.
See also
bacteriological paradigm; sanitary movement

Medical Society of the County of New York,
97

Medical
Society of the State of New York,
128
,
135
,
143

medicine: effect of cholera epidemics on,
22–24
; egalitarian visions for,
39
; heterogeneity of nineteenth-century medical thought,
6
,
15
,
106
; politics of,
22
,
26
,
29
,
30
; as practice of philosophy,
3
,
4
,
42
,
43
,
45
; as science,
2
,
3
,
4

Mellon, Andrew,
200

Merton, Robert,
155
,
266n9

Metropolitan Board of Health of New York City,
27
,
111–12
,
113
,
115
,
123–24
,
132–35
,
225

Metropolitan Health Bill,
110
,
111
,
141

miasmatic theory of disease,
7
,
25
,
27
,
92
,
116
,
257n2
,
260n21

Michigan State Medical Society,
103–4

microscopy,
160

Miller, T. Clarke,
139

M'Naughton, James,
110

monopolies: and American Medical Association,
81
; and homeopathy,
107
; and medical epistemology,
242
; and medical licensing laws,
68
; Thomsonism on,
53–54
,
63
,
107

Murphy, Starr,
201

Nagel, Thomas,
15–16

Nation
,
110
,
132

National Board of Health,
135

nativism,
23
,
188
,
264n2

network formation: and discovery,
156–57
,
171
,
263n3
; German-American network,
154
,
156
,
158
,
171–73
,
176–77
,
178
,
179
,
226
; and legitimacy for ideas,
14

New Jersey,
262n5

New Light Thomsonians,
79

New York Academy of Medicine (NYAM): and boards of health,
133
,
143–44
; on contagious nature of cholera,
92
,
125–26
; and exclusion,
97–98
,
102
,
107
; and Koch's findings,
165
,
166
; and sanitary interventions,
128
,
129

New York Assembly Select Committee on Petitions,
65
,
66
,
69–70

New York City: cholera in,
33–35
,
36
,
74
,
110–12
; Five Points neighborhood,
33
; public health efforts in,
184–85
; and sanitary movement,
110–12

New York City Medical Council,
74–76
,
75

New York Department of Health,
184
,
185

New York Evangelist
,
78

New York Journal of Medicine
,
68
,
89

New York Sanitary Association,
130

New York Senate Select Committee on Medical Colleges and Societies,
66

New York Senate Select Committee on Petitions,
64–65

New York State legislature: and allopathic/regular physicians' defeat,
107
,
108
; and alternative medical movements' arguments,
39
; and board of health,
114
,
132
,
141
; democratic reform in,
61–64
,
261–62n10
; and free and open debate,
65–68
; and medical licensing law deregulation,
61
,
64
; and Metropolitan Health Bill,
111
; and statistical data,
64

New York State Medical Society,
97
,
210

New York Times
: on board of health,
111
,
112
,
134
; on contagious nature of cholera,
125–26
; on Koch's discovery of microbe,
150
; on quarantine measures,
187
; on sanitary conditions,
117
,
129
,
130

Nightingale, Florence,
150

normal mortality rate,
115
,
177
,
121–22
,
125

Normannia
,
186–87
,
188

Novy, Frederick D.,
265n3

Numbers, Ronald,
265n5

numeracy, and statistics,
58
,
64
,
89

Ohio, repeal of medical licensing laws,
68

Ohio State Board of Health,
139

Olmstead, Frederick Law,
109

organizational factors: and American Medical Association,
8
,
80
,
81–83
,
95
,
100
,
102
,
106–8
,
225
,
226
,
233
,
243
,
257n3
; and discovery,
156
; and epistemic contests,
18
,
20
,
27
,
38
,
80
,
81–83
,
106–8
,
188
,
191
,
213–14
,
225
,
232–33
,
250
; and epistemic reflexivity,
248
; and epistemic settings,
38
,
81
; and institutional production of knowledge,
38
; in medical professionalization,
8–9
,
81–82
,
191
,
213–14
,
226
,
243
,
257n3
; and role of discoveries,
28
; and schemas of plausibility,
81
,
101