Ghosts of Empire (69 page)
Authors: Kwasi Kwarteng
30
Ibid., pp. 130â1.
Ibid., pp. 130â1.
31
Ibid., p. 197.
Ibid., p. 197.
33
Ibid., p. 106.
Ibid., p. 106.
36
TNA, FO 403/217, p. 4, Sir John Kirke to the Marquess of Salisbury, 25 August 1895.
TNA, FO 403/217, p. 4, Sir John Kirke to the Marquess of Salisbury, 25 August 1895.
39
Ibid., p. 136.
Ibid., p. 136.
40
Lugard, Lord,
The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa
, London, 1965 (with an introduction by Margery Perham), 1st edn, London, 1922, p. 617.
Lugard, Lord,
The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa
, London, 1965 (with an introduction by Margery Perham), 1st edn, London, 1922, p. 617.
41
Lord Salisbury in House of Lords debate, 14 February 1895, quoted in ibid., p. 612.
Lord Salisbury in House of Lords debate, 14 February 1895, quoted in ibid., p. 612.
42
Ibid.
Ibid.
43
Lugard, Lord,
The Dependencies of the British Empire and the Responsibilities They Involve, Address on the Occasion of the 105th Anniversary of the Foundation of Birkbeck College
, London, 1928, pp. 4â5.
Lugard, Lord,
The Dependencies of the British Empire and the Responsibilities They Involve, Address on the Occasion of the 105th Anniversary of the Foundation of Birkbeck College
, London, 1928, pp. 4â5.
44
Ibid., pp. 8â10.
Ibid., pp. 8â10.
45
Ibid., pp. 10, 16.
Ibid., pp. 10, 16.
49
TNA, CO 822/27/16, Lugard, âEducation in Tropical Africa', originally published in the
Edinburgh Review
in July 1925, pp. 2â9.
TNA, CO 822/27/16, Lugard, âEducation in Tropical Africa', originally published in the
Edinburgh Review
in July 1925, pp. 2â9.
50
Ibid., p. 10.
Ibid., p. 10.
51
Ibid., pp. 10, 13.
Ibid., pp. 10, 13.
52
Ibid., p. 11.
Ibid., p. 11.
53
TNA, FCO 51/125, Miss V. Ryan, âA Study of Events in Nigeria 1954â1969', 28 November 1969, p. 9.
TNA, FCO 51/125, Miss V. Ryan, âA Study of Events in Nigeria 1954â1969', 28 November 1969, p. 9.
56
TNA, CO 879/119/8, Lugard, Report on the Amalgamation of Northern and Southern Nigeria, and Administration, 1912â1919.
TNA, CO 879/119/8, Lugard, Report on the Amalgamation of Northern and Southern Nigeria, and Administration, 1912â1919.
57
Ibid., p. 12.
Ibid., p. 12.
59
TNA, CO 583/201/10, letter of J. A. Maykin to Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister, Secretary of State for the Colonies, 28 December 1934.
TNA, CO 583/201/10, letter of J. A. Maykin to Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister, Secretary of State for the Colonies, 28 December 1934.
60
Ibid., letter from A. E. F. Murray to the Under-Secretary of State at the Colonial Office, 11 February 1935; ibid., letter from Alake of Abeokuta to Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 4 February 1935.
Ibid., letter from A. E. F. Murray to the Under-Secretary of State at the Colonial Office, 11 February 1935; ibid., letter from Alake of Abeokuta to Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 4 February 1935.
61
Ibid., memorandum by I. M. R. Maclennan, 7 March 1935.
Ibid., memorandum by I. M. R. Maclennan, 7 March 1935.
62
Ibid., memorandum by A. Fiddian, 2 February 1935.
Ibid., memorandum by A. Fiddian, 2 February 1935.
63
Ibid., memorandum by I. M. R. Maclennan, 17 March 1936.
Ibid., memorandum by I. M. R. Maclennan, 17 March 1936.
65
Ibid., pp. 231, 241.
Chapter 15: Yellow SunIbid., pp. 231, 241.
1
TNA, CO 967/117, Semi-official and Personal Correspondence between Secretary of State and Governors, letter from Lord Moyne to Sir Bernard Bourdillon, 2 October 1941.
TNA, CO 967/117, Semi-official and Personal Correspondence between Secretary of State and Governors, letter from Lord Moyne to Sir Bernard Bourdillon, 2 October 1941.
2
Ibid., letter to Lord Lloyd, 5 October 1940.
Ibid., letter to Lord Lloyd, 5 October 1940.
3
TNA, CO 583/255/8, letter from Oliver Stanley to the Permanent Under-Secretary of State, 31 January 1944; letter to A. Cohen, 8 January 1944.
TNA, CO 583/255/8, letter from Oliver Stanley to the Permanent Under-Secretary of State, 31 January 1944; letter to A. Cohen, 8 January 1944.
6
Ibid., pp. 31, 35, 64.
Ibid., pp. 31, 35, 64.
7
Ibid., pp. 229, 232.
Ibid., pp. 229, 232.
8
TNA, FCO 51/125, âNigeria, 1954â1969', p. 13.
TNA, FCO 51/125, âNigeria, 1954â1969', p. 13.
9
Ibid., pp. 16â17.
Ibid., pp. 16â17.
10
TNA, FCO 51/125, p. 6.
TNA, FCO 51/125, p. 6.
12
Ibid.
Ibid.
13
Meredith, Martin,
The State of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence
, London, 2005, p. 194.
Meredith, Martin,
The State of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence
, London, 2005, p. 194.
16
Ibid., p. 197.
Ibid., p. 197.
18
TNA, FCO 51/125, p. 38.
TNA, FCO 51/125, p. 38.
20
Schwarz, Frederick A. O., Jr,
Nigeria: The Tribes, the Nation, or the Race
, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1965, p. 115.
Schwarz, Frederick A. O., Jr,
Nigeria: The Tribes, the Nation, or the Race
, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1965, p. 115.
21
Paden, John N.,
Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto: Values and Leadership in Nigeria
, London, 1986, pp. 656â7.
Paden, John N.,
Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto: Values and Leadership in Nigeria
, London, 1986, pp. 656â7.
26
Ibid., p. 28.
Ibid., p. 28.
27
TNA, FCO 51/125, letter from David Hunt to E. E. Orchard, 6 November 1970.
TNA, FCO 51/125, letter from David Hunt to E. E. Orchard, 6 November 1970.
29
TNA, FCO 25/232, âThe Secession of Eastern Region', letter from the British High Commissioner to the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, 23 March 1967.
TNA, FCO 25/232, âThe Secession of Eastern Region', letter from the British High Commissioner to the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, 23 March 1967.
32
TNA, FCO 25/232, letter from the High Commissioner in Lagos to the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, 9 June 1967.
TNA, FCO 25/232, letter from the High Commissioner in Lagos to the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, 9 June 1967.
33
Ibid., letter from the High Commissioner to the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, 23 March 1967.
Ibid., letter from the High Commissioner to the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, 23 March 1967.
34
Ibid., letter from Colonel Ojukwu to Harold Wilson, 16 March 1967.
Ibid., letter from Colonel Ojukwu to Harold Wilson, 16 March 1967.
35
Ibid., telegram from Lagos to the Commonwealth Office, 14 April 1967.
Ibid., telegram from Lagos to the Commonwealth Office, 14 April 1967.
36
Ibid., letter from the High Commissioner to E. G. Norris at the Commonwealth Office, 15 April 1967.
Ibid., letter from the High Commissioner to E. G. Norris at the Commonwealth Office, 15 April 1967.
37
Ibid., âPaper on Eastern Nationalism' by D. F. Hawley at the British High Commission in Lagos, 15 April 1967.
Ibid., âPaper on Eastern Nationalism' by D. F. Hawley at the British High Commission in Lagos, 15 April 1967.
38
Ibid., memorandum by the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, 8 May 1967.
Ibid., memorandum by the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, 8 May 1967.
39
Ibid.
Ibid.
40
TNA, FCO 51/125, P. W. Heap, comment on draft of âNigeria 1954â1970', 14 August 1970.
TNA, FCO 51/125, P. W. Heap, comment on draft of âNigeria 1954â1970', 14 August 1970.
41
Ibid., âNigeria, 1954â1970', p. 87.
Ibid., âNigeria, 1954â1970', p. 87.
42
TNA, FCO 25/232, letter from Colonel Ojukwu to Harold Wilson, 30 May 1967.
TNA, FCO 25/232, letter from Colonel Ojukwu to Harold Wilson, 30 May 1967.
43
TNA, FCO 51/125, letter from David Hunt to E. E. Orchard, 6 November 1970.
TNA, FCO 51/125, letter from David Hunt to E. E. Orchard, 6 November 1970.
45
TNA, FCO 51/125, âNigeria 1954â1970', p. 88.
TNA, FCO 51/125, âNigeria 1954â1970', p. 88.
47
TNA, PREM 11/3048, âMr Macleod statement in the House of Commons relating to the talks in London held from 10 May to 19 May, 1960, to discuss Nigerian independence and membership of the Commonwealth'.
TNA, PREM 11/3048, âMr Macleod statement in the House of Commons relating to the talks in London held from 10 May to 19 May, 1960, to discuss Nigerian independence and membership of the Commonwealth'.
48
TNA, FCO 51/125, âNigeria 1954â1970', p. 86.
TNA, FCO 51/125, âNigeria 1954â1970', p. 86.
49
TNA, FCO 25/232, letter from David Hunt to George Thomson, Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, 19 January 1968.
TNA, FCO 25/232, letter from David Hunt to George Thomson, Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, 19 January 1968.
50
Ibid., note by J. R. Young, 31 January 1968.
Ibid., note by J. R. Young, 31 January 1968.
51
TNA, FCO 38/211, âFrench Arms Supplies to Nigeria'.
TNA, FCO 38/211, âFrench Arms Supplies to Nigeria'.
52
TNA, FCO 25/232, letter from Donald Tebbit to Martin Le Quesne, 24 November 1967; letter from Le Quesne to Tebbit, 4 January 1968.
TNA, FCO 25/232, letter from Donald Tebbit to Martin Le Quesne, 24 November 1967; letter from Le Quesne to Tebbit, 4 January 1968.
53
Ibid., letter from the Holy See to the Foreign Office, 10 October 1967; letter from R. B. Bone to the Foreign Office, 7 June 1968.
Ibid., letter from the Holy See to the Foreign Office, 10 October 1967; letter from R. B. Bone to the Foreign Office, 7 June 1968.
55
TNA, FCO 65/1194, Richard Parsons, âGeneral Comments on Political Situation in Nigeria', 4 July 1972.
TNA, FCO 65/1194, Richard Parsons, âGeneral Comments on Political Situation in Nigeria', 4 July 1972.
56
TNA, FCO 65/735, âPosition of Ibo after end of Civil War in Nigeria', newspaper cuttings in telegram from Sir Leslie Glass, High Commissioner in Lagos, to the Foreign Office, 14 January 1970; newspaper cuttings in telegram from Sir Leslie Glass, 17 January 1970.
TNA, FCO 65/735, âPosition of Ibo after end of Civil War in Nigeria', newspaper cuttings in telegram from Sir Leslie Glass, High Commissioner in Lagos, to the Foreign Office, 14 January 1970; newspaper cuttings in telegram from Sir Leslie Glass, 17 January 1970.
57
TNA, FCO 65/735, âPosition of Ibo after end of civil war in Nigeria', telegram from Lagos to the Foreign Office, 15 January 1970.
TNA, FCO 65/735, âPosition of Ibo after end of civil war in Nigeria', telegram from Lagos to the Foreign Office, 15 January 1970.
58
TNA, FCO 65/1362, âPosition of Former Rebel Leader of Biafra, Colonel C. O. Ojukwu', letter from A. A. Acland, Foreign Office, to G. L. Angel, Home Office, 12 January 1973.
TNA, FCO 65/1362, âPosition of Former Rebel Leader of Biafra, Colonel C. O. Ojukwu', letter from A. A. Acland, Foreign Office, to G. L. Angel, Home Office, 12 January 1973.
59
TNA, FCO 65/1363, letter from M. H. G. Rogers, Deputy High Commissioner, to J. de Courcy Ling, 12 January 1973.
TNA, FCO 65/1363, letter from M. H. G. Rogers, Deputy High Commissioner, to J. de Courcy Ling, 12 January 1973.
60
TNA, FCO 65/1920, âTribalism in Nigeria', 21 October 1977.
TNA, FCO 65/1920, âTribalism in Nigeria', 21 October 1977.
62
Langley, Alison, âCourt allows access to ex-leader's files',
New York Times
, 2 May 2003;
New York Times
, âLate Nigerian dictator looted nearly $500 million, Swiss say', 19 August 2004.
Langley, Alison, âCourt allows access to ex-leader's files',
New York Times
, 2 May 2003;
New York Times
, âLate Nigerian dictator looted nearly $500 million, Swiss say', 19 August 2004.
63
Polgreen, Lydia, âMoney and violence hobble democracy in Nigeria',
New York Times
, 24 November 2006.
Polgreen, Lydia, âMoney and violence hobble democracy in Nigeria',
New York Times
, 24 November 2006.
67
Ibid., p. 287.
Ibid., p. 287.
68
TNA, FCO 25/232, letter from David Hunt to George Thomson, Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, 19 January 1968.
TNA, FCO 25/232, letter from David Hunt to George Thomson, Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, 19 January 1968.
69
TNA, FCO 65/1194, Richard Parsons, âGeneral Comments on Political Situation in Nigeria', 4 July 1972; ibid., Richard Parsons, âValedictory Remarks', 30 June 1972.
Chapter 16: HierarchiesTNA, FCO 65/1194, Richard Parsons, âGeneral Comments on Political Situation in Nigeria', 4 July 1972; ibid., Richard Parsons, âValedictory Remarks', 30 June 1972.
2
Matheson, James,
Present Position and Prospects of the British Trade with China
, London, 1836, p. 1.
Matheson, James,
Present Position and Prospects of the British Trade with China
, London, 1836, p. 1.
3
Ibid., pp. 56, 39, 61.
Ibid., pp. 56, 39, 61.
4
Memorials to his Majesties Government soliciting Protection to the British Trade in China, from the Merchants of Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow and Canton
, London, 1836, p. 121.
Memorials to his Majesties Government soliciting Protection to the British Trade in China, from the Merchants of Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow and Canton
, London, 1836, p. 121.
7
Palmerston letter to Lord Auckland, dated January 1841, quoted in Beeching,
The Chinese Opium Wars
, p. 95.
Palmerston letter to Lord Auckland, dated January 1841, quoted in Beeching,
The Chinese Opium Wars
, p. 95.
8
Fairbank, J. K., âChinese Diplomacy and the Treaty of Nanking, 1842',
Journal of Modern History
, March 1940, vol. XII, no. 1, pp. 1â30, at p. 6.
Fairbank, J. K., âChinese Diplomacy and the Treaty of Nanking, 1842',
Journal of Modern History
, March 1940, vol. XII, no. 1, pp. 1â30, at p. 6.
15
Morris,
Hong Kong
, p. 85; Crisswell, Colin N.,
The Taipans: Merchant Princes
, Hong Kong, 1981, p. 5.
Morris,
Hong Kong
, p. 85; Crisswell, Colin N.,
The Taipans: Merchant Princes
, Hong Kong, 1981, p. 5.
17
Ibid.
Ibid.
18
Tsang, Steve,
Governing Hong Kong: Administrative Officers from the Nineteenth Century to the Handover to China, 1862â1997
, London, 2007, pp. 27, 30â1.
Tsang, Steve,
Governing Hong Kong: Administrative Officers from the Nineteenth Century to the Handover to China, 1862â1997
, London, 2007, pp. 27, 30â1.
19
Lethbridge, H. J., âHong Cadets 1862â1941', in Lethbridge, H. J.,
Hong Kong
, London, 1978, pp. 37, 43.
Lethbridge, H. J., âHong Cadets 1862â1941', in Lethbridge, H. J.,
Hong Kong
, London, 1978, pp. 37, 43.
20
Ibid., p. 50.
Ibid., p. 50.
26
Carroll, J. M.,
Edge of Empires: Chinese Elites and British Colonials in Hong Kong
, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2005, pp. 87â8.
Carroll, J. M.,
Edge of Empires: Chinese Elites and British Colonials in Hong Kong
, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2005, pp. 87â8.
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