Ghosts of Empire (65 page)
Authors: Kwasi Kwarteng
22
Warikoo, K.,
Central Asia and Kashmir: A Study in the Context of Anglo-Russian Rivalry
, New Delhi, 1989, pp. 206â7.
Warikoo, K.,
Central Asia and Kashmir: A Study in the Context of Anglo-Russian Rivalry
, New Delhi, 1989, pp. 206â7.
23
BL, MSS Eur B 380/4, Mayo papers, letter to Duke of Argyll, 10 May 1870.
BL, MSS Eur B 380/4, Mayo papers, letter to Duke of Argyll, 10 May 1870.
25
BL, MSS Eur B 380/4, letters dated 31 January 1870, 8 February 1870, 10 May 1870.
BL, MSS Eur B 380/4, letters dated 31 January 1870, 8 February 1870, 10 May 1870.
26
Khan, Mohammad Ishaq,
History of Srinagar 1846â1947: A Study in Socio-Cultural Change
, Srinagar, 1978, p. 79.
Khan, Mohammad Ishaq,
History of Srinagar 1846â1947: A Study in Socio-Cultural Change
, Srinagar, 1978, p. 79.
27
Ibid., p. 80.
Ibid., p. 80.
28
Ibid., p. 24.
Ibid., p. 24.
32
Lethbridge, Sir Roper,
The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled or Decorated of the Indian Empire
, London, 1893, pp. xi, xixâxxiii.
Lethbridge, Sir Roper,
The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled or Decorated of the Indian Empire
, London, 1893, pp. xi, xixâxxiii.
33
Copland, Ian,
The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire 1917â1947
, Cambridge, 1997, pp. 8, 21.
Copland, Ian,
The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire 1917â1947
, Cambridge, 1997, pp. 8, 21.
36
Fisher, Michael H., âIndirect Rule in the British Empire: The Foundations of the Residency System in India (1764â1858)',
Modern Asian Studies
, vol. 18, no. 3, 1984, pp. 393â428, at p. 403.
Fisher, Michael H., âIndirect Rule in the British Empire: The Foundations of the Residency System in India (1764â1858)',
Modern Asian Studies
, vol. 18, no. 3, 1984, pp. 393â428, at p. 403.
37
Teng, M. K., Bhatt, R. K. K., and Bhatt, S. K.,
Kashmir Constitutional History and Documents
, New Delhi, 1977, p. 248, Report on the affairs of the State of Jammu and Kashmir by the Resident in Kashmir, 5 March 1888.
Teng, M. K., Bhatt, R. K. K., and Bhatt, S. K.,
Kashmir Constitutional History and Documents
, New Delhi, 1977, p. 248, Report on the affairs of the State of Jammu and Kashmir by the Resident in Kashmir, 5 March 1888.
39
Schofield, Victoria,
Kashmir in the Crossfire
, London, 1996, p. 81; Ramusack, Barbara N.,
The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: Dissolution of a PatronâClient System 1914â1919
, Columbus, Ohio, 1978, p. 138; Copland, Ian,
State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India c. 1900â1950
, Basingstoke, 2005, p. 53.
Schofield, Victoria,
Kashmir in the Crossfire
, London, 1996, p. 81; Ramusack, Barbara N.,
The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: Dissolution of a PatronâClient System 1914â1919
, Columbus, Ohio, 1978, p. 138; Copland, Ian,
State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India c. 1900â1950
, Basingstoke, 2005, p. 53.
40
BL, MSS Eur F 111/256, Curzon papers.
BL, MSS Eur F 111/256, Curzon papers.
42
Ibid., p. 402.
Ibid., p. 402.
43
BL, MSS Eur F 197/111, Younghusband papers.
BL, MSS Eur F 197/111, Younghusband papers.
44
Ibid., speech at state banquet, 26 June 1908.
Ibid., speech at state banquet, 26 June 1908.
45
Ibid., speech at state banquet, 8 December 1909; letters of Younghusband to his wife, [n.d.] 1906 and 4 November 1907.
Ibid., speech at state banquet, 8 December 1909; letters of Younghusband to his wife, [n.d.] 1906 and 4 November 1907.
46
BL, IOR R/1/1/633, âEnhancement of the administrative powers of his highness the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir subject to certain conditions', memo written by R. E. Holland, 19 September 1918.
BL, IOR R/1/1/633, âEnhancement of the administrative powers of his highness the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir subject to certain conditions', memo written by R. E. Holland, 19 September 1918.
47
BL, MSS Eur Photo Eur 33, letter in German with Indian and English translation from Count Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg (1856â1921), German Chancellor 1909â17, to the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir.
BL, MSS Eur Photo Eur 33, letter in German with Indian and English translation from Count Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg (1856â1921), German Chancellor 1909â17, to the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir.
48
BL, IOR R/1/1/633, Memorandum from Resident Lieutenant Colonel A. D'A. G. Bannerman, 9 October 1918; letter from Bannerman to Holland.
Chapter 6: The World of Sir Hari SinghBL, IOR R/1/1/633, Memorandum from Resident Lieutenant Colonel A. D'A. G. Bannerman, 9 October 1918; letter from Bannerman to Holland.
3
BL, IOR R/1/1/917, letter from J. B. Wood to Lieutenant Colonel Bannerman, 17 November 1917; letter from Bannerman to Wood, 19 November 1917.
BL, IOR R/1/1/917, letter from J. B. Wood to Lieutenant Colonel Bannerman, 17 November 1917; letter from Bannerman to Wood, 19 November 1917.
4
Ibid., letter from Bannerman to Wood, 26 December 1917.
Ibid., letter from Bannerman to Wood, 26 December 1917.
5
Ibid., collection of papers entitled âKashmir affairs, 1917'.
Ibid., collection of papers entitled âKashmir affairs, 1917'.
6
BL, MSS Eur F 118/83, Lord Reading papers, letter from Hari Singh to Sir Pratap Singh, 1 October 1921.
BL, MSS Eur F 118/83, Lord Reading papers, letter from Hari Singh to Sir Pratap Singh, 1 October 1921.
8
BL, IOR R/1/1/1788, letter from the Earl of Birkenhead, Secretary of State for India, to the Viceroy, 19 January 1928.
BL, IOR R/1/1/1788, letter from the Earl of Birkenhead, Secretary of State for India, to the Viceroy, 19 January 1928.
9
Ibid., E. B. Howell, âNote on Colonel Ward's Case'.
Ibid., E. B. Howell, âNote on Colonel Ward's Case'.
10
Ibid., letter from Viscount Peel, Secretary of State for India, to the Viceroy, 8 May 1928.
Ibid., letter from Viscount Peel, Secretary of State for India, to the Viceroy, 8 May 1928.
12
BL, IOR R/1/1/1788, letter of Viscount Peel, Secretary of State for India, to the Viceroy, 29 November 1928.
BL, IOR R/1/1/1788, letter of Viscount Peel, Secretary of State for India, to the Viceroy, 29 November 1928.
13
Ibid., letter from Maharaja Hari Singh to Viscount Peel, 4 March 1929.
Ibid., letter from Maharaja Hari Singh to Viscount Peel, 4 March 1929.
14
Ibid., letter from the Resident to Charles Watson, 9 February 1928.
Ibid., letter from the Resident to Charles Watson, 9 February 1928.
15
BL, IOR R/1/1/2123, letters from the Resident to Charles Watson, 18 May, 11 June and 28 November 1931.
BL, IOR R/1/1/2123, letters from the Resident to Charles Watson, 18 May, 11 June and 28 November 1931.
16
BL, IOR R/1/4/166, memorandum by B. J. Glancy, 23 January 1940; memorandum dated 5 February 1940.
BL, IOR R/1/4/166, memorandum by B. J. Glancy, 23 January 1940; memorandum dated 5 February 1940.
17
BL, IOR R/1/1/293, memorandum by B. J. Glancy, 28 January 1939.
BL, IOR R/1/1/293, memorandum by B. J. Glancy, 28 January 1939.
21
Khan, Mohammad Ishaq,
History of Srinagar 1846â1947: A Study in Socio-Cultural Change
, Srinagar, 1978, pp. 204, 159.
Khan, Mohammad Ishaq,
History of Srinagar 1846â1947: A Study in Socio-Cultural Change
, Srinagar, 1978, pp. 204, 159.
22
Ibid., p. 174.
Ibid., p. 174.
24
Neve, Ernest F.,
Beyond the Pir Panjal: Life and Missionary Enterprise in Kashmir
, London, 1914, p. 28.
Neve, Ernest F.,
Beyond the Pir Panjal: Life and Missionary Enterprise in Kashmir
, London, 1914, p. 28.
26
BL, MSS Eur C 419, Burton papers, Doris Hargreaves Burton, âTwo months leave in Kashmir written in 1910â1914'.
BL, MSS Eur C 419, Burton papers, Doris Hargreaves Burton, âTwo months leave in Kashmir written in 1910â1914'.
27
BL, MSS Eur D 1003/1, Morton papers.
BL, MSS Eur D 1003/1, Morton papers.
31
Singh, Bawa Satinder,
The Jammu Fox: A Biography of Maharaja Gulab Singh of Kashmir 1792â1857
, Carbondale and Edwardsville, 1974, p. 176.
Singh, Bawa Satinder,
The Jammu Fox: A Biography of Maharaja Gulab Singh of Kashmir 1792â1857
, Carbondale and Edwardsville, 1974, p. 176.
32
BL, MSS Eur F 164/25A, Mudie papers, âKashmir before Accession'.
BL, MSS Eur F 164/25A, Mudie papers, âKashmir before Accession'.
35
Copland, Ian, âIslam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir 1931â1934',
Pacific Affairs
, vol. 54, no. 2, summer 1981, pp. 228â59, at p. 243. This article is perhaps the most thorough account of the 1931 disturbances.
Copland, Ian, âIslam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir 1931â1934',
Pacific Affairs
, vol. 54, no. 2, summer 1981, pp. 228â59, at p. 243. This article is perhaps the most thorough account of the 1931 disturbances.
36
BL, IOR R/1/1/2261 (2) Govt. of India Foreign and Political Department paper, file no. 204, 1932; letter from Kashyap Bandhu, 25 January 1932.
BL, IOR R/1/1/2261 (2) Govt. of India Foreign and Political Department paper, file no. 204, 1932; letter from Kashyap Bandhu, 25 January 1932.
37
Ibid., âDraft Address to be presented to his excellency the Viceroy by the members of the all-India Kashmir Committee', 25 February 1932.
Ibid., âDraft Address to be presented to his excellency the Viceroy by the members of the all-India Kashmir Committee', 25 February 1932.
38
Ibid., âReply to Muslim delegation', [n.d.] April 1932.
Ibid., âReply to Muslim delegation', [n.d.] April 1932.
40
Copland, âIslam and Political Mobilization', p. 246.
Copland, âIslam and Political Mobilization', p. 246.
41
BL, MSS Eur D 862, Powell papers, âJammu & Kashmir State, 1947'.
BL, MSS Eur D 862, Powell papers, âJammu & Kashmir State, 1947'.
42
Teng, M. K., Bhatt, R. K. K., and Bhatt, S. K.,
Kashmir Constitutional History and Documents
, New Delhi, 1977, âPresidential Address of Dr Sir Muhammad Iqbal delivered at the Allahabad Session of the All India Muslim League', [n.d.] December 1930, p. 336.
Teng, M. K., Bhatt, R. K. K., and Bhatt, S. K.,
Kashmir Constitutional History and Documents
, New Delhi, 1977, âPresidential Address of Dr Sir Muhammad Iqbal delivered at the Allahabad Session of the All India Muslim League', [n.d.] December 1930, p. 336.
43
BL, MSS Eur D 704, Ahmed Shah papers, âPolitical Note on the Kashmir Problem', given to Morgan Price MP, 20 October 1948.
BL, MSS Eur D 704, Ahmed Shah papers, âPolitical Note on the Kashmir Problem', given to Morgan Price MP, 20 October 1948.
46
Teng, Bhatt and Bhatt,
Kashmir Documents
, âProclamation of Maharaja Hari Singh', 9 July 1931, p. 342.
Teng, Bhatt and Bhatt,
Kashmir Documents
, âProclamation of Maharaja Hari Singh', 9 July 1931, p. 342.
47
Copland, Ian, âThe Abdullah Factor: Kashmiri Muslims and the Crisis of 1947', in Low, D. A. (ed.),
The Political Inheritance of Pakistan
, London, 1991, pp. 218â54, at pp. 220â1.
Copland, Ian, âThe Abdullah Factor: Kashmiri Muslims and the Crisis of 1947', in Low, D. A. (ed.),
The Political Inheritance of Pakistan
, London, 1991, pp. 218â54, at pp. 220â1.
48
BL, MSS Eur D 862, Powell's papers. This rather bizarre episode is recounted fully in Powell's manuscripts.
BL, MSS Eur D 862, Powell's papers. This rather bizarre episode is recounted fully in Powell's manuscripts.
49
Wavell, Lord,
The Viceroy's Journal
, ed. Penderel Moon, London, 1973, p. 177, entry dated 17 October 1945.
Wavell, Lord,
The Viceroy's Journal
, ed. Penderel Moon, London, 1973, p. 177, entry dated 17 October 1945.
53
BL, MSS Eur D 862, Powell's papers.
BL, MSS Eur D 862, Powell's papers.
55
BL, MSS Eur Photo Eur 393, Wavell papers, letter to H. M. Close, 13 December 1949. Wavell died on 24 May 1950.
Chapter 7: DeadlockBL, MSS Eur Photo Eur 393, Wavell papers, letter to H. M. Close, 13 December 1949. Wavell died on 24 May 1950.
2
Collins, Larry, and Lapierre, Dominique,
Freedom at Midnight: The Epic Drama of India's Struggle for Independence
, London, 1975, p. 444.
Collins, Larry, and Lapierre, Dominique,
Freedom at Midnight: The Epic Drama of India's Struggle for Independence
, London, 1975, p. 444.
4
Patel, Sardar,
Sardar Patel's Correspondence 1945â1950
, ed. Darga Das, vols IâVIII, Ahmedabad, 1971â3, vol. I, p. 45, letter from Nehru to Sardar Patel, 27 September 1947.
Patel, Sardar,
Sardar Patel's Correspondence 1945â1950
, ed. Darga Das, vols IâVIII, Ahmedabad, 1971â3, vol. I, p. 45, letter from Nehru to Sardar Patel, 27 September 1947.
5
Ibid., p. 57, letter to Baldev Singh, 7 October 1947.
Ibid., p. 57, letter to Baldev Singh, 7 October 1947.
6
BL, MSS Eur D 670/6, George Cunningham diary, 1947.
BL, MSS Eur D 670/6, George Cunningham diary, 1947.
8
Birdwood, Lord,
Two Nations and Kashmir
, London, 1956, p. 57; BL, MSS Eur F 164/25A, Mudie papers, âKashmir before Accession', letter by Maharaja of Kashmir to Lord Mountbatten, 26 October 1947.
Birdwood, Lord,
Two Nations and Kashmir
, London, 1956, p. 57; BL, MSS Eur F 164/25A, Mudie papers, âKashmir before Accession', letter by Maharaja of Kashmir to Lord Mountbatten, 26 October 1947.
10
BL, MSS Eur D 670/6, Cunningham diary, 1947, entry dated 25 October 1947.
BL, MSS Eur D 670/6, Cunningham diary, 1947, entry dated 25 October 1947.
12
BL, MSS Eur F 164/24, Mudie papers, âIntelligence reports concerning the tribal repercussions to the events in the Punjab, Kashmir and India', report
week ending 11 October 1947; Guha, Ramachandra,
India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy
, London, 2007, p. 66.
BL, MSS Eur F 164/24, Mudie papers, âIntelligence reports concerning the tribal repercussions to the events in the Punjab, Kashmir and India', report
week ending 11 October 1947; Guha, Ramachandra,
India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy
, London, 2007, p. 66.
13
Patel,
Correspondence
, vol. I, p. 63, letter from Nehru to the Maharaja of Kashmir, 1 December 1947.
Patel,
Correspondence
, vol. I, p. 63, letter from Nehru to the Maharaja of Kashmir, 1 December 1947.
14
BL, MSS Eur D 670/6, Cunningham diary, 1947, entries dated 18 and 29 October 1947.
BL, MSS Eur D 670/6, Cunningham diary, 1947, entries dated 18 and 29 October 1947.
16
BL, MSS Eur D 670/6, Cunningham diary, 1947, entry dated 28 October 1947.
BL, MSS Eur D 670/6, Cunningham diary, 1947, entry dated 28 October 1947.
18
BL, MSS Eur D 670/6, entry dated 7 November 1947.
BL, MSS Eur D 670/6, entry dated 7 November 1947.
19
BL, MSS Eur D 714/84, âCorrespondence and Minutes on Kashmir 1947â48'.
BL, MSS Eur D 714/84, âCorrespondence and Minutes on Kashmir 1947â48'.
20
Ibid., âNote on the situation in India & Pakistan', 1 December 1947.
Ibid., âNote on the situation in India & Pakistan', 1 December 1947.
21
BL, MSS Eur D 862, Powell's papers.
BL, MSS Eur D 862, Powell's papers.
22
BL, MSS Eur F 164/24, Mudie papers, âIntelligence reports concerning the tribal repercussions to the events in the Punjab, Kashmir and India', reports week ending 8 and 22 November 1947.
BL, MSS Eur F 164/24, Mudie papers, âIntelligence reports concerning the tribal repercussions to the events in the Punjab, Kashmir and India', reports week ending 8 and 22 November 1947.
24
BL, MSS Eur D 714/86, âGovernor-General's Personal Report No. 8', 3 February 1948.
BL, MSS Eur D 714/86, âGovernor-General's Personal Report No. 8', 3 February 1948.
26
Ibid., vol. I, p. 163, letter from Nehru to Sardar Patel, 8 February 1948.
Ibid., vol. I, p. 163, letter from Nehru to Sardar Patel, 8 February 1948.
27
Ibid., pp. 159â62, letter from the Maharaja of Kashmir to Sardar Patel, 31 January 1948.
Ibid., pp. 159â62, letter from the Maharaja of Kashmir to Sardar Patel, 31 January 1948.
28
Ibid., p. 181, letter from the Maharaja of Kashmir to Sardar Patel, 13 April 1948; ibid., p. 191, letter from Nehru to Sardar Patel, 30 May 1948.
Ibid., p. 181, letter from the Maharaja of Kashmir to Sardar Patel, 13 April 1948; ibid., p. 191, letter from Nehru to Sardar Patel, 30 May 1948.
29
Ibid., p. 225, letter from the Maharaja of Kashmir to Sardar Patel, 9 September 1948.
Ibid., p. 225, letter from the Maharaja of Kashmir to Sardar Patel, 9 September 1948.
34
Ibid., p. 268, letter from Sardar Patel to Nehru, 11 May 1949; ibid., p. 269, letter from the Maharaja of Kashmir to Sardar Patel, 6 May 1949; ibid., p. 272, letter from Nehru to Sardar Patel, 18 May 1949; ibid., p. 298, letter from the Maharani of Kashmir to Sardar Patel, 6 September 1949.
Ibid., p. 268, letter from Sardar Patel to Nehru, 11 May 1949; ibid., p. 269, letter from the Maharaja of Kashmir to Sardar Patel, 6 May 1949; ibid., p. 272, letter from Nehru to Sardar Patel, 18 May 1949; ibid., p. 298, letter from the Maharani of Kashmir to Sardar Patel, 6 September 1949.
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