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2
Crick, Bernard,
George Orwell: A Life
, London, 1980, p. 156.
3
Thant Myint-U,
The River of Lost Footsteps: A Personal History of Burma
, London, 2007, p. 187.
4
Thirkell White, Herbert,
A Civil Servant in Burma
, London, 1913, pp. 24–5.
5
Copland, Ian,
India 1885–1947
, London, 2001, p. 19.
6
Thirkell White,
A Civil Servant
, pp. 55, 58, 66.
7
Kipling, Rudyard,
Complete Verse
, ed. M. M. Kaye, London, 1990, p. 260.
8
Browne, Edmond,
The Coming of the Great Queen
, London, 1888, p. 247.
9
BL, MSS Eur E 362/3, Sir Arthur Bruce, Memoirs, p. 4.
10
Geary, Grattan,
Burma, after the Conquest, Viewed in its Political, Social and Commercial Aspects from Mandalay
, London, 1886, p. 11; Thirkell White,
A Civil Servant
, pp. 69–70.
11
BL, MSS Eur D 912, Bernard papers, memorandum from Government House, Rangoon, [n.d.] January 1881.
12
BL, MSS Eur E 254/1, Thirkell White papers, letter from Crosthwaite to Thirkell White, 5 October 1888.
13
Crick,
Orwell
, p. 164; BL, MSS Eur E 362/8, Lord Ogmore, Memoirs, ch. 6, p. 8. The latter source gives details of U Tin Tut's favoured position on the rugby field.
14
Collis, Maurice,
Trials in Burma
, London, 1945, new edn 1978, pp. 205–8; Solomon, Robert A., ‘Saya San and the Burmese Rebellion',
Modern Asian Studies
, vol. 3, no. 3, 1969, pp. 209–23, at p. 210.
15
Collis,
Trials in Burma
, pp. 208–9.
16
Ibid., p. 212.
17
Solomon, ‘Saya San and the Burmese Rebellion', pp. 212, 210.
18
Sarkisyanz, Manuel, ‘Messianic Folk-Buddhism as Ideology of Peasant Revolts in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Burma',
Review of Religious Research
, vol. 10, no. 1, Autumn 1968, pp. 32–8, at p. 35.
19
Taylor, Robert H.,
The State in Burma
, London, 1987, p. 203.
20
Hyam, Ronald,
Britain's Declining Empire: Decolonization 1918–1968
, Cambridge, 2006, p. 82.
21
BL, MSS Eur E 362/5, T. L. Hughes, Memoirs, pp. 2–10.
22
BL, MSS Eur E 362/2, A. G. Bottomley, Recollections of last days in Burma, p. 3.
23
BL, MSS Eur E 362/3, Sir Arthur Bruce, Memoirs, pp. 30, 32, 46.
24
BL, MSS Eur E 362/10, B. R. Pearn, Memoirs, p. 15.
25
BL, MSS Eur F 169/20, Sir Hubert Rance, ‘The Memoirs and Personal Papers of Major General Sir Hubert Rance'.
26
Charney, Michael W.,
A History of Modern Burma
, Cambridge, 2009, p. 57.
27
BL, MSS Eur E 362/10, B. R. Pearn, Memoirs, pp. 1–10.
28
BL, MSS Eur F 169/20, Sir Hubert Rance, Papers.
29
DNB
.
30
BL, MSS Eur E 215/1–2, Dorman Smith papers, letter from Leo Amery to Reginald Dorman-Smith, 1 December 1942; letter from Leo Amery to Reginald Dorman-Smith, 29 December 1942.
31
BL, MSS Eur E 362/5, T. L. Hughes, Memoirs, p. 57.
32
Gilbert, Martin,
Churchill: A Life
, London, 1991, p. 734.
33
BL, MSS Eur E 362/3, Sir Arthur Bruce, Memoirs, p. 71.
34
Ibid., pp. 5, 4.
35
Maung Htin Aung,
A History of Burma
, New York, 1967, p. 269.
36
Silverstein, J. (ed.),
The Political Legacy of Aung San
, rev. edn, Ithaca, New York, 1993, pp. 78–9.
37
BL, MSS Eur E 362/5, T. L. Hughes, p. 41; MSS Eur E 362/3, Sir Arthur Bruce, p. 79.
38
BL, MSS Eur E 362/5, T. L. Hughes, p. 41; MSS Eur E 362/3, Sir Arthur Bruce, p. 84.
39
BL, MSS Eur E 362/18, Sir John Wise, Memoirs, pp. 4, 52.
40
Ibid., p. 49.
41
BL, MSS Eur F 169/20, Sir Hubert Rance, Papers.
42
BL, MSS Eur E 362/7/1, Philip Nash, Memoirs, p. 39.
43
Ibid., appendix, letter from Hubert Rance to Pethick-Lawrence, 13 November 1946.
44
BL, MSS Eur E 362/8, Lord Ogmore, Memoirs, ch. 4, pp. 2–3.
45
DNB
.
46
BL, MSS Eur E 362/2, A. G. Bottomley, ‘Recollections of Last Days in Burma', p. 9; MSS Eur E 362/18, Sir John Wise, Memoirs, p. 47.
47
BL, MSS Eur E 362/8, Lord Ogmore, Memoirs, ch. 4, p. 4.
48
Ibid., ch. 6, pp. 3–5.
49
Ibid., p. 12.
50
BL, MSS Eur F 169/20, Sir Hubert Rance, Papers; MSS Eur E 362/7/1, Philip Nash, Memoirs, p. 110.
51
BL, MSS Eur E 362/3, Sir Arthur Bruce, Memoirs, p. 100.
52
Time
, ‘Strength through Weakness', 5 March 1965.
53
Sargent, Inge,
Twilight over Burma
, Honolulu, 1994, p. xi.
54
Time
, ‘Strength through Weakness'.
55
Daily Telegraph
obituary, 6 December 2002.
56
Turrell, Robert V., ‘Conquest and Concession: The Case of the Burma Ruby Mines',
Modern Asian Studies
, vol. 22, no. 1, 1988, pp. 141–63, at p. 144.
57
The Times
, ‘Blood rubies bankroll Burmese Junta', 30 September 2007.
58
Time
, ‘Burma's Faceless Leaders', 1 October 2007.
60
BL, MSS Eur E 362/8, Lord Ogmore, Memoirs, ch. 6, pp. 2–3.
Chapter 11: Kitchener: An Imperial Hero
1
Magnus, Philip,
Kitchener: Portrait of an Imperialist
, London, 1958, new edn 1968, p. 15.
2
Pollock, John,
Kitchener
, London, 2001, p. xxi.
3
Ibid., p. 12.
4
Warner, Philip,
Kitchener: The Man behind the Legend
, London, 1985, p. 7.
5
Pollock,
Kitchener
, p. 16;
DNB
.
6
Pollock,
Kitchener
, p. 12.
7
Shepperd, Alan,
Sandhurst: The Royal Military Academy
, London, 1980, p. 64.
8
Pollock,
Kitchener
, p. 19.
9
Ibid., p. 19.
10
Magnus,
Kitchener
, p. 23.
11
Sandes, E. W. C.,
The Royal Engineers in Egypt and the Sudan
, London, 1937, p. 510.
12
TNA, PRO 30/57/1, Kitchener papers.
13
Ibid., letter from Herbert Kitchener to Sir R. Biddulph, 2 August 1882.
14
Churchill, Winston S.,
The River War
, London, 1899, new edn 1997, pp. 64–5.
15
Pollock,
Kitchener
, pp. 71–2.
16
TNA, PRO 30/57/6, Kitchener papers, Major H. H. Kitchener, ‘The Fall of Khartoum', 14 February 1885.
17
Slatin, Rudolf,
Fire and Sword in the Sudan: A Personal Narrative of Fighting and Serving the Dervishes 1879–1895
, London, 1896, new edn 1897, p. 55.
18
Churchill,
The River War
, p. 12.
19
TNA, PRO 30/40, Sir John Ardagh's papers, ‘The insurrection of the False Prophet, 1881–1883', c. 1883.
20
Churchill,
The River War
, p. 16.
21
Ibid., p. 17.
22
Raugh, Harold E.,
The Victorians at War: An Encyclopedia of British Military History
, Santa Barbara, 2004, p. 166.
23
DNB
.
24
TNA, PRO 30/57/12, ‘General Report on the Sudan, 1890', Intelligence Report for the War Office, Cairo, 30 December 1890.
25
Beatty, Charles,
His Country was the World: A Study of Gordon of Khartoum
, London, 1954, p. 215.
26
Churchill,
The River War
, p. 29.
27
TNA, PRO 30/57/6, Kitchener papers, Major H. H. Kitchener, ‘The Fall of Khartoum', 14 February 1885.
28
Churchill,
The River War
, p. 39.
29
TNA, PRO 30/57/6, ‘The Fall of Khartoum'.
30
Ibid.
31
Ibid.
32
Slatin,
Fire and Sword
, p. 228.
33
Ibid., p. 233.
34
Churchill,
The River War
, p. 48.
35
TNA, PRO 30/57/12, ‘General Report on the Sudan, 1890'.
36
TNA, FO 633/86, Cromer papers, ‘The Reconquest of Sudan: October 1895–September 1898', pp. 1, 3.
37
TNA, PRO 30/57/9, letter from Sir Evelyn Baring in Cairo to the Marquess of Salisbury, 9 February 1892, p. 24.
38
Ibid., pp. 24–5.
39
Pollock,
Kitchener
, pp. 59, 63–4.
40
Ibid., p. 76.
41
TNA, PRO 30/57/13, Kitchener papers, ‘Intelligence Reports, 1890–1899', Intelligence Report, August 1894.
42
TNA, FO 633/86, Cromer, ‘The Reconquest of Sudan', p. 9.
43
Ibid., pp. 9–10.
44
Steevens, G. W.,
With Kitchener to Khartoum
, London, 1898, new edn 1990, p. 45.
45
Ibid., p. 51.
46
TNA, PRO 30/57/9, Kitchener papers, letter from Sir Evelyn Baring to the Marquess of Salisbury, 9 February 1892, p. 24.
47
Churchill,
The River War
, p. 193.
48
Steevens,
With Kitchener
, p. 282.
49
Churchill,
The River War
, p. 206.
50
TNA, FO 633/86, Cromer, ‘The Reconquest of Sudan', p. 30.
51
Steevens,
With Kitchener
, p. 301.
52
TNA, PRO 30/57/16, Kitchener papers, letter from Queen Victoria to Lord Kitchener, 24 March 1899.
53
TNA, PRO 30/57/15, Kitchener papers,
New Penny Magazine
, Saturday 26 November 1898.
54
TNA, PRO 30/57/16, Kitchener papers, letters from Queen Victoria to Lord Kitchener, 24 June and 17 November 1899; telegram from Queen Victoria to Lord Kitchener, 26 July 1899.
55
Steevens,
With Kitchener
, pp. 325–6.
56
Cromer, Earl of,
Political and Literary Essays 1908–1913
, 1st Series, London, 1913, ‘The Government of Subject Races', p. 15.
57
Ibid., p. 17.
58
Ibid., pp. 27–30.
59
Magnus,
Kitchener
, p. 450.
Chapter 12: ‘The Finest Body of Men'
1
Warburg, Gabriel,
The Sudan under Wingate
, London, 1971, p. 2.
2
Keun, Odette,
A Foreigner Looks at the British Sudan
, London, 1930, p. 53.
3
Jackson, H. C.,
Sudan Days and Ways
, London, 1954, pp. 24–5.
4
DNB
.
5
Wingate, Sir Ronald,
Wingate of the Sudan
, London, 1955, p. 45.
6
Steevens, G. W.,
With Kitchener to Khartoum
, London, 1898, new edn 1990, p. 64.
7
Daly, M. W.,
The Sirdar: Sir Reginald Wingate and the British Empire in the Middle East
, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 3–4.
8
Warner, Philip,
Kitchener: The Man behind the Legend
, London, 1985, p. 100.
9
MacMichael, Sir Harold,
The Sudan
, London, 1954, pp. 102–3.
10
TNA, FO 373/5/20, ‘Handbook of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan', handbooks prepared under the direction of the Historical Section of the Foreign Office, No. 107, London, 1919, p. 59.
11
MECA, Bowman papers, diary entry dated 10 November 1911.
12
Vansittart, Lord,
The Mist Procession: The Autobiography of Lord Vansittart
, London, 1958, p. 91.
13
Warburg,
Sudan
, p. 81.
14
Symes, Sir Stewart,
Tour of Duty
, London, 1946, p. 213.
15
Cromer, Earl of,
Political and Literary Essays
, 2nd Series, London, 1914, ‘Egypt and the Sudan', p. 224.
16
Kirk-Greene, A. H. M., ‘The Sudan Political Service: A Profile in the Sociology of Imperialism',
International Journal of African Historical Studies
, vol. 15, no. 1, 1982, pp. 21–48, at p. 27.
17
Collins, Robert, ‘The Sudan Political Service',
African Affairs
, vol. 71, no. 284, July 1972, pp. 293–303, at p. 296.
18
Collins, Robert O., and Deng, Francis M.,
The British in the Sudan 1898–1956: The Sweetness and the Sorrow
, London, 1984, p. 61; Warburg,
Sudan
, p. 84.
19
Symes,
Tour of Duty
, p. 213.
20
Kirk-Greene, ‘The Sudan Political Service', p. 37; Collins, ‘The Sudan Political Service', p. 296.
21
Jackson,
Sudan Days
, p. 15.
22
Kirk-Greene, ‘The Sudan Political Service', p. 40.
23
Mangan, J. A., ‘The Education of an Elite Imperial Administration: The Sudan Political Service and the British Public School System',
International Journal of African Historical Studies
, vol. 15, no. 4, 1982, pp. 671–99, at p. 689.

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