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31
DNB
.
32
MacMillan, Margaret,
Paris 1919
, New York, 2001, p. 373; BL, MSS Eur F 112/274.
33
Quoted in Earle, ‘The Turkish Petroleum Company', p. 273.
34
TNA, ADM 116/2652, pp. 16–66.
35
Ibid., pp. 77, 84–5.
36
Fischer,
Oil Imperialism
, p. 244.
37
TNA, ADM 116/2692, p. 60.
38
Ibid., pp. 290–1, letter from M. Berthelot, 31 May 1929.
39
TNA, CAB 27/436.
40
Ibid., p. 45, Iraq Oil Committee, 4 February 1931.
41
TNA, ADM 116/2692, p. 407.
42
TNA, CAB 27/436, p. 137.
Chapter 3: Monarchy and Revolution
1
Iraq Times
, 16 November 1933, quoted in MECA, Sinderson papers.
2
Khadduri, Majid,
Independent Iraq 1932–1958: A Study in Iraqi Politics
, London, 1960, pp. 40–3.
3
MacMillan, Margaret,
Paris 1919
, New York, 2001, pp. 387, 389.
4
Lawrence, T. E.,
The Letters of T. E. Lawrence
, selected and edited by Malcolm Brown, London, 1988, p. 350, letter dated 18 October 1927.
5
Morris, James,
The Hashemite Kings
, London, 1959, p. 83.
6
Bell, Gertrude,
Letters of Gertrude Bell
, selected and edited by Gladys Bell, London, 1987, p. 537, letter to Sir Hugh Bell, 1 March 1923; ibid., p. 538, letter dated 10 April 1923.
7
Ibid., p. 576, letter to Florence Bell, her stepmother, 14 December 1924.
8
Sluglett, Peter,
Britain in Iraq 1914–1932
, London, 1976, pp. 221–2.
9
Samara, Ihsan Hani, ‘The Economic Growth of Iraq: The Role of Oil Revenues, Government Policies and Strategies since 1950', unpublished PhD thesis, University College of Swansea, University of Wales, 1980, pp. 83–7, 90.
10
Longrigg, Stephen Hemsley,
Iraq 1900 to 1950: A Political, Social and Economic History
, London, 1953, p. 278.
11
Main, Ernest,
Iraq from Mandate to Independence
, London, 1935, pp. 20–1.
12
Ibid., p. 33.
13
Batatu, Hanna,
The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq
, Princeton, 1978, p. 1115.
14
Time
, 17 April 1939; Morris,
The Hashemite Kings
, p. 145; Simon, Reeva Spector,
Iraq between the Two World Wars: The Militarist Origins of Tyranny
, New York, 1986, rev. edn 2004, p. 38;
Iraq Times
, 4 February 1937, in MECA, Sinderson papers.
15
Mansfield, Peter,
Kuwait: Vanguard of the Gulf
, London, 1990, p. 22.
16
Iraq Times
, 7 April 1939, in MECA, Sinderson papers.
17
Gulbenkian, Nubar,
Pantaraxia
, London, 1965, p. 167.
18
Caractacus,
Revolution in Iraq: An Essay in Comparative Public Opinion
, London, 1959, p. 78.
19
Iraq Times
, 20 February 1936, in MECA, Sinderson papers;
Encyclopaedia Britannia
, 1911 edn.
20
Marr, Phebe,
The Modern History of Iraq
, 2nd edn, Boulder, Colorado, 2004, p. 51.
21
Ibid.; Morris,
The Hashemite Kings
, p. 158.
22
Khadduri,
Independent Iraq
, pp. 184–5.
23
Marr,
The Modern History of Iraq
, pp. 53–5; Khadduri,
Independent Iraq
, p. 175.
24
Khadduri,
Independent Iraq
, p. 224.
25
TNA, CAB 80/28.
26
Time
, 17 June 1957.
27
Birdwood, Lord,
Nuri As-Said: A Study in Arab Leadership
, London, 1959, p. 2.
28
Gallman, Waldemar J.,
Iraq under General Nuri: My Recollections of Nuri al-Said, 1954–1958
, Baltimore, 1964, pp. 90, 172.
29
MECA, Perowne papers.
30
Morris,
The Hashemite Kings
, pp. 169, 189–90.
31
Samara, ‘The Economic Growth of Iraq', p. 69.
32
For the annual reports of the IPC, see BP Archive, University of Warwick.
33
Samara, ‘The Economic Growth of Iraq', p. 104.
34
Ibid., p. 85.
35
Batatu,
The Old Social Classes
, p. 34.
36
Salter, Lord,
The Development of Iraq: A Plan of Action
, London, 1955, pp. 115, 146.
37
Gallman,
Iraq under General Nuri
, pp. 17, 53.
38
Iraq Times
, 2 May 1953;
Liwa al-Jihad
, 5 May 1955, in MECA, Sinderson papers.
39
Gallman,
Iraq under General Nuri
, p. 203.
40
Fernea, Robert A., and Louis, William Roger (eds),
The Iraq Revolution of 1958: The Old Social Classes Revisited
, London, 1991, p. viii.
41
Marr,
The Modern History of Iraq
, p. 78; Gallman,
Iraq under General Nuri
, p. 203; Morris,
The Hashemite Kings
, p. 198.
42
Caractacus,
Revolution in Iraq
, pp. 126–7; Birdwood,
Nuri As-Said
, p. 266; Batatu,
The Old Social Classes
, p. 801.
43
Forbes, Colin D.,
Innocent in a Revolution
, Lewes, 1999, p. 76.
44
Astarjian, Henry,
The Struggle for Kirkuk: The Rise of Hussein, Oil and the Death of Tolerance in Iraq
, London, 2007, p. 53.
45
Morris,
The Hashemite Kings
, p. 199.
46
Gallman,
Iraq under General Nuri
, p. 203.
Chapter 4: Saddam Hussein and Beyond
1
MECA, Cornwallis papers.
2
James, Morris,
The Hashemite Kings
, London, 1959, pp. 186, 17.
3
Ferneu, Robert A., and Louis, William Roger (eds),
The Iraqi Revolution of 1958: The Old Social Classes Revisited
, New York, p. vi (Foreword by Albert Hourani).
4
Shwadran, B.,
The Middle East, Oil and the Great Powers
, New York, 1955, 3rd edn, 1973, pp. 242–4.
5
Ibid., p. 267.
6
Astarjian, Henry,
The Struggle for Kirkuk: The Rise of Hussein, Oil and the Death of Tolerance in Iraq
, London, 2007, p. 157.
7
Marr, Phebe,
The Modern History of Iraq
, 2nd edn, Boulder, Colorado, 2004, p. 111.
8
Ibid., p. 102.
9
Astarjian,
The Struggle for Kirkuk,
p. 158.
10
TNA, PREM 13/2171, letter from Tom Bridges to J. O. Wright, Foreign Office, 2 February 1965.
11
TNA, FCO 54/35.
12
Ibid., letter from H. St J. B. Armitage at British Embassy in Beirut to Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 21 December 1967.
13
The Times
, 28 December 1967, ‘Russia moves into middle east oil', quoted in TNA, FCO 54/35.
14
TNA, FCO 67/179, telegram from Baghdad to Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 30 October 1968.
15
Ibid., telegram from Baghdad to Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 17 October 1968.
16
Marr,
The Modern History of Iraq
, p. 139.
17
TNA, FCO 67/179, quoted in telegram from Baghdad to Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 21 November 1968.
18
Ibid., telegram from Baghdad to Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 22 October 1968.
19
TNA, FCO 67/180, letter from J. T. Fearnley to N. C. Hibbs, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 17 January 1969.
20
Interview with Dr Rifa'i, in
Middle East Economic Survey
, vol. XII, no. 14, 31 January 1969, p. 2.
21
Brown, Michael, E., ‘The Nationalization of the Iraq Petroleum Company',
International Journal of Middle East Studies
, 1979, vol. 10, pp. 107–24, at pp. 114, 123.
22
Coughlin, Con,
Saddam: The Secret Life
, London, 2002, p. 106.
23
Chabrun, Laurent, and Heriot, Franck,
Les Corrompus de Saddam Hussein
, Paris, 2006, p. 20.
24
Quoted in Saint-Prot, Charles,
Saddam Hussein: un gaullisme arabe?
, Paris, 1987, p. 109.
25
Matar, Fuad,
Saddam Hussein: The Man, the Cause and the Future
, London, 1981, p. 31.
26
Ibid., pp. 168–9.
27
Saddam Hussein,
On Oil Nationalisation in Iraq
, Baghdad, 1973, pp. 8, 10.
28
TNA, FCO 55/1116, letter from Tom Boardman to Sir Alec Douglas-Home, [n.d.] August 1973.
29
Ibid., letter from Robin Butler, 10 August 1973.
30
Ibid., memo by Anthony Parsons, 26 July 1973.
31
Ibid., 2nd draft memorandum, 17 July 1973.
32
Ibid., letter from Robin Butler, Cabinet Office, to Charles Cruickshank, 20 August 1973; letter from C. J. A. Chivers, Treasury, to Richard Dales, Energy Department, 23 August 1973.
33
Ibid., ‘Proposal for an Oil and Agricultural Development Project for Iraq', 1st draft, 26 September 1973.
34
Ibid., letter from P. R. H. Wright, 30 October 1973.
35
Ibid., letter from S. L. Egerton to Anthony Parsons, 3 December 1973.
36
Ibid., letter from P. R. H. Wright to S. L. Egerton and A. Parsons, 21 November 1973.
37
Saint-Prot,
Saddam Hussein
, pp. 215, 222.
38
Matar,
Saddam Hussein
, p. 181.
39
Ibid., p. 165.
40
Alnasrawi, Abbas,
The Economy of Iraq: Oil, Wars, Destruction of Development and Prospects 1950–2010
, London, 1994, p. 70.
41
Marr,
The Modern History of Iraq
, p. 162.
42
Chabrun and Heriot,
Les Corrumpus de Saddam Hussein
, p. 20.
43
Tripp, Charles,
A History of Iraq
, Cambridge, 2000, 3rd edn, 2007, p. 206.
44
Fuerlig, Henner,
Saddam Hussein–der neue Saladdin? Irak und der Golf Krieg
, Berlin, 1991, p. 101.
45
Wakin, Edward,
Contemporary Political Leaders of the Middle East
, New York, 1996, p. 20.
46
Matar,
Saddam Hussein
, p. 7.
47
Alnasrawi,
The Economy of Iraq
, p. 105; Galbraith, Peter,
The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War without End
, New York, 2006, p. 37.
48
Marr,
The Modern History of Iraq
, p. 221; Tripp,
A History of Iraq
, p. 242.
49
Verma, Sonia, ‘Iraq could have largest oil reserves in the world',
The Times
, 20 May 2008.
50
Gulf Oil and Gas
, ‘Iraq issues tenders to drill 40 oil wells', 16 February 2009.
51
International Herald Tribune
, ‘Iraq reopens its oil reserves to foreign companies, but few rush in', 3 February 2009.
Chapter 5: Land for Sale
1
BL, MSS Eur F 85/29A, H. M. Lawrence papers, Punjab Intelligence, Lahore, 1 March 1846.
2
Caroe, Sir Olaf,
The Pathans 550 B.C.–A.D. 1957
, Oxford, 1959, p. 257.
3
Allen, Charles,
The Soldier Sahibs
, London, 2000, p. 60.
4
Hardinge, Viscount,
Life of Hardinge
, Rulers of India Series, Oxford, 1891, p. 71.
5
BL, MSS Eur F 85/48, Hardinge papers, letter from Hardinge to Lawrence, 27 April 1846.
6
Younghusband, Francis,
Kashmir
, London, 1924, p. 147.
7
Napier, Sir William,
The Life and Opinions of General Sir Charles James Napier
, 4 vols, London, 1857, vol. IV, p. 128, letter dated 28 October 1846.
8
Ibid., vol. III, p. 419, letter from Charles Napier to his brother William Napier, 8 November 1846; ibid., p. 475, letter from Charles Napier to his brother, 15 November 1846.
9
Ibid., pp. 410, 455.
10
BL, MSS Eur F 213/23, Dalhousie papers, letter from Queen Victoria, 30 July 1849.
11
Singh, Khushwant,
The Sikhs
, London, 1953, p. 79.
12
BL, MSS Eur F 213/23, letter from Dalhousie to Sir Charles Napier, [n.d.] November 1849; letter from Dalhousie to Queen Victoria, 20 January 1851.
13
Napier,
Life of Charles Napier
, vol. IV, p. 27.
14
Hardinge,
Hardinge
, p. 138.
15
Allen,
Soldier Sahibs
, pp. 10–12, 47.
16
Napier,
Life of Charles Napier
, vol. III, p. 459, in a letter dated 6 November 1846.
17
BL, MSS Eur F 213/25, letter from Colonel Henry Steinbach to Lord Dalhousie, 4 August 1851.
18
Morgan, Gerald,
Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia 1810–1895
, London, 1981, p. 107.
19
DNB
.
20
Hopkirk, Peter,
The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia
, London, 1990, p. 1.
21
BL, MSS Eur B 380/2, Mayo papers, letters to the Duke of Argyll, letter from Mayo to Argyll, 1 July 1869.

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