Ghosts of Empire (68 page)
Authors: Kwasi Kwarteng
24
Collins, âThe Sudan Political Service', p. 301.
Collins, âThe Sudan Political Service', p. 301.
25
Ibid., p. 297.
Ibid., p. 297.
26
TNA, CO 877/11/2, âSudan Political Service', Information for Candidates, reprinted, January 1933, pp. 5, 1.
TNA, CO 877/11/2, âSudan Political Service', Information for Candidates, reprinted, January 1933, pp. 5, 1.
27
Ibid., pp. 4â5.
Ibid., pp. 4â5.
31
Ibid., p. 52.
Ibid., p. 52.
32
Collins, âThe Sudan Political Service', p. 300.
Collins, âThe Sudan Political Service', p. 300.
33
MECA, MacMichael Papers, letter from Sir John Maffey, Governor General of Sudan, to Harold MacMichael, 27 April 1927.
MECA, MacMichael Papers, letter from Sir John Maffey, Governor General of Sudan, to Harold MacMichael, 27 April 1927.
34
TNA, CO 877/11/2, Information for Candidates, p. 3.
TNA, CO 877/11/2, Information for Candidates, p. 3.
36
Kenrick, Rosemary,
Sudan Tales: Recollections of Some Sudan Political Service Wives 1926â1956
, Cambridge, 1987, p. 9.
Kenrick, Rosemary,
Sudan Tales: Recollections of Some Sudan Political Service Wives 1926â1956
, Cambridge, 1987, p. 9.
37
Ibid., pp. 25â6.
Ibid., pp. 25â6.
38
Ibid., p. 26.
Ibid., p. 26.
39
TNA, FO 141/647/16, âGeneral Situation in the Sudan', 9 June 1935.
TNA, FO 141/647/16, âGeneral Situation in the Sudan', 9 June 1935.
42
TNA, FO 373/5/20, âHandbook of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan', p. 57.
TNA, FO 373/5/20, âHandbook of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan', p. 57.
43
Ibid., p. 43.
Ibid., p. 43.
45
TNA, FO 633/110, Cromer papers, âSudan Book of Loyalty', pp. 1â2.
TNA, FO 633/110, Cromer papers, âSudan Book of Loyalty', pp. 1â2.
46
TNA, FO 141/426/9, âDarfur Situation and Ali Dinar', Cursory Review of our Political Relations with the Sultan of Darfur, 10 August 1915, p. 1.
TNA, FO 141/426/9, âDarfur Situation and Ali Dinar', Cursory Review of our Political Relations with the Sultan of Darfur, 10 August 1915, p. 1.
47
Ibid., pp. 3â4.
Ibid., pp. 3â4.
48
Ibid., âConfidential Dispatch' from Wingate to Sir Henry MacMahon, Resident in Cairo, 12 February 1916, pp. 1â3.
Ibid., âConfidential Dispatch' from Wingate to Sir Henry MacMahon, Resident in Cairo, 12 February 1916, pp. 1â3.
49
Ibid., telegram from Wingate to Gilbert Clayton in Cairo, 26 February 1916, pp. 1â4.
Ibid., telegram from Wingate to Gilbert Clayton in Cairo, 26 February 1916, pp. 1â4.
50
Ibid., translation of a letter addressed to Sultan Ali Dinar by Enver Pasha, 3 February 1915.
Ibid., translation of a letter addressed to Sultan Ali Dinar by Enver Pasha, 3 February 1915.
51
Ibid., letter from Ali Dinar to the Governor of Kordofan, 7 February 1916.
Ibid., letter from Ali Dinar to the Governor of Kordofan, 7 February 1916.
52
Ibid., âProclamation to all the natives of Darfur translated from Arabic', [n.d.] April 1916.
Ibid., âProclamation to all the natives of Darfur translated from Arabic', [n.d.] April 1916.
53
Ibid., letter from Wingate to Gilbert Clayton, 25 May 1916.
Ibid., letter from Wingate to Gilbert Clayton, 25 May 1916.
54
Ibid., letter from Ali Dinar to the Sirdar (Wingate), c. 17 May 1916.
Ibid., letter from Ali Dinar to the Sirdar (Wingate), c. 17 May 1916.
55
Ibid., letter from Ali Dinar to the Sirdar (Wingate), c. end of May 1916.
Ibid., letter from Ali Dinar to the Sirdar (Wingate), c. end of May 1916.
56
Ibid., âFinal Despatch Western Frontier Force Sudan', [n.d.] November 1916.
Ibid., âFinal Despatch Western Frontier Force Sudan', [n.d.] November 1916.
57
TNA, FO 141/805/2, translation of a letter to H. M. Saad Pasha Zaghloul, Prime Minister of Egypt, 9 July 1924.
TNA, FO 141/805/2, translation of a letter to H. M. Saad Pasha Zaghloul, Prime Minister of Egypt, 9 July 1924.
59
Collins, Robert,
Shadows in the Grass: Britain in the Southern Sudan 1918â1956
, New Haven, 1983, pp. 44â5.
Collins, Robert,
Shadows in the Grass: Britain in the Southern Sudan 1918â1956
, New Haven, 1983, pp. 44â5.
60
Quoted in MECA, MacMichael papers, âReview of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan',
Oxford Times
, 26 October 1934.
Quoted in MECA, MacMichael papers, âReview of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan',
Oxford Times
, 26 October 1934.
61
Ibid.
Ibid.
63
TNA, FO 141/624/4, âSpread of Arabic Language in the Southern Sudan', memorandum by Lord Lloyd, Resident in Cairo, to Arthur Henderson, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 19 June 1929.
TNA, FO 141/624/4, âSpread of Arabic Language in the Southern Sudan', memorandum by Lord Lloyd, Resident in Cairo, to Arthur Henderson, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 19 June 1929.
64
TNA, FO 141/647/16, âGeneral Situation in the Sudan', âPolitical Memorandum on the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan', written by Stewart Symes, 9 June 1935, Khartoum.
TNA, FO 141/647/16, âGeneral Situation in the Sudan', âPolitical Memorandum on the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan', written by Stewart Symes, 9 June 1935, Khartoum.
65
TNA, FO 141/544/1, âEducation in Sudan', memorandum by A. F. G. Huddleston, Acting Governor General of the Sudan, 4 June 1932.
Chapter 13: North and SouthTNA, FO 141/544/1, âEducation in Sudan', memorandum by A. F. G. Huddleston, Acting Governor General of the Sudan, 4 June 1932.
2
Henderson, K. D. D.,
The Making of the Sudan: The Life and Letters of Sir Douglas Newbold
, London, 1953, p. 55, letter to Frank Cottrell, 29 October 1933.
Henderson, K. D. D.,
The Making of the Sudan: The Life and Letters of Sir Douglas Newbold
, London, 1953, p. 55, letter to Frank Cottrell, 29 October 1933.
5
TNA, FO 371/73472, âPolitical Situation in Sudan, 1949', letter from F. Roberts to M. Wright, Foreign Office, 18 April 1949.
TNA, FO 371/73472, âPolitical Situation in Sudan, 1949', letter from F. Roberts to M. Wright, Foreign Office, 18 April 1949.
7
Meredith, Martin,
The State of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence
, London, 2005, p. 5.
Meredith, Martin,
The State of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence
, London, 2005, p. 5.
8
Collins, Robert O.,
Shadows in the Grass: Britain in the Southern Sudan 1918â1956
, New Haven, 1983, p. x.
Collins, Robert O.,
Shadows in the Grass: Britain in the Southern Sudan 1918â1956
, New Haven, 1983, p. x.
9
Ibid., pp. 175, 261.
Ibid., pp. 175, 261.
10
Robertson, Sir James,
Transition in Africa: From Direct Rule to Independence
, London, 1974, p. 110.
Robertson, Sir James,
Transition in Africa: From Direct Rule to Independence
, London, 1974, p. 110.
11
Ibid.
Ibid.
13
Ibid., pp. 242â3.
Ibid., pp. 242â3.
14
TNA, FO 371/80358, âThe Political Situation in the Sudan, 1950', Report on the Southern Provinces of the Sudan covering 1948 and 1949, to African Department of the Foreign Office, by Sir James Robertson, 9 March 1950.
TNA, FO 371/80358, âThe Political Situation in the Sudan, 1950', Report on the Southern Provinces of the Sudan covering 1948 and 1949, to African Department of the Foreign Office, by Sir James Robertson, 9 March 1950.
15
Ibid., letter from Sir R. Howe to Sir W. Strang, personal, 8 March 1950.
Ibid., letter from Sir R. Howe to Sir W. Strang, personal, 8 March 1950.
16
TNA, FO 371/73472, âPolitical Situation in the Sudan, 1949', Background to Sudan News, The First Session of the Legislative Assembly (opened December 1948), prepared by E. N. Corbyn, May 1949.
TNA, FO 371/73472, âPolitical Situation in the Sudan, 1949', Background to Sudan News, The First Session of the Legislative Assembly (opened December 1948), prepared by E. N. Corbyn, May 1949.
17
Thomas, Graham F.,
From the Last of the Proconsuls: Letters from Sir James Robertson
, London, 1994, p. 83, letter from Sir James Robertson to Graham Thomas, 30 January 1974.
Thomas, Graham F.,
From the Last of the Proconsuls: Letters from Sir James Robertson
, London, 1994, p. 83, letter from Sir James Robertson to Graham Thomas, 30 January 1974.
18
Ibid., p. 64, letter from Sir James Robertson to Graham Thomas, 15 January 1956.
Ibid., p. 64, letter from Sir James Robertson to Graham Thomas, 15 January 1956.
20
Johnson, Douglas H. (ed.),
British Documents on the End of Empire
, Series B, vol. 5:
Sudan
, London, 1998, p. 506, dispatch no. 128 from Sir E. Chapman Andrews to Selwyn Lloyd, 30 October 1956.
Johnson, Douglas H. (ed.),
British Documents on the End of Empire
, Series B, vol. 5:
Sudan
, London, 1998, p. 506, dispatch no. 128 from Sir E. Chapman Andrews to Selwyn Lloyd, 30 October 1956.
21
MECA, Davies papers, G. Warburg interview with R. Davies, held on 28 September 1970.
MECA, Davies papers, G. Warburg interview with R. Davies, held on 28 September 1970.
23
TNA, CO 822/1185, âMutinies in Southern Sudan', Omdurman Radio Political Diary by Muhammad Yusuf Hashim, September 1955, enclosed in a note from Evelyn Shuckburgh to Henry Hopkinson MP, 9 September 1955.
TNA, CO 822/1185, âMutinies in Southern Sudan', Omdurman Radio Political Diary by Muhammad Yusuf Hashim, September 1955, enclosed in a note from Evelyn Shuckburgh to Henry Hopkinson MP, 9 September 1955.
26
TNA, CO 822/1185, draft letter from T. I. K. Lloyd, Colonial Office, to Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick, c. September 1955.
TNA, CO 822/1185, draft letter from T. I. K. Lloyd, Colonial Office, to Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick, c. September 1955.
27
Ibid.
Ibid.
28
Johnson (ed.),
British Documents
, p. 506, dispatch no. 128 from Sir E. Chapman Andrews to Selwyn Lloyd, 30 October 1956.
Johnson (ed.),
British Documents
, p. 506, dispatch no. 128 from Sir E. Chapman Andrews to Selwyn Lloyd, 30 October 1956.
31
TNA, FO 1090/1,
Daily Telegraph
, âExtermination Army from Khartoum', 21 March 1967;
The Times
, âWhere Racialism is Ignored', 7 April 1967, letter from Sir David Renton QC, MP.
TNA, FO 1090/1,
Daily Telegraph
, âExtermination Army from Khartoum', 21 March 1967;
The Times
, âWhere Racialism is Ignored', 7 April 1967, letter from Sir David Renton QC, MP.
32
TNA, Fo 1090/1, letter from D. J. Speares, Foreign Office, to Sir Hugh Greene, Broadcasting House, 8 April 1967.
TNA, Fo 1090/1, letter from D. J. Speares, Foreign Office, to Sir Hugh Greene, Broadcasting House, 8 April 1967.
33
TNA, FCO 29/295, âMalawi Political Affairs', President Welcomes Autonomy for Southern Sudan, by Alfred Mkandawine, 11 June 1969.
TNA, FCO 29/295, âMalawi Political Affairs', President Welcomes Autonomy for Southern Sudan, by Alfred Mkandawine, 11 June 1969.
36
TNA, FCO 39/510, âSudan Economic Affairs, Bilateral Relations with USSR', letter from G. O. Roberts to Mrs Eirene White MP, 26 August 1969.
TNA, FCO 39/510, âSudan Economic Affairs, Bilateral Relations with USSR', letter from G. O. Roberts to Mrs Eirene White MP, 26 August 1969.
37
TNA, FCO 93/1186, âValedictory DispatchâSudan', J. F. S. Phillips to David Owen, 30 September 1977.
TNA, FCO 93/1186, âValedictory DispatchâSudan', J. F. S. Phillips to David Owen, 30 September 1977.
39
TNA, FCO 93/1659, âOil in the Sudan, 1978', letter from Brian Pridham to P. J. Torry, 3 October 1978; letter from Brian Pridham to P. J. Torry, 6 July 1978.
TNA, FCO 93/1659, âOil in the Sudan, 1978', letter from Brian Pridham to P. J. Torry, 3 October 1978; letter from Brian Pridham to P. J. Torry, 6 July 1978.
40
TNA, FCO 93/1652, âMilitary Relations between UK and Sudan', memorandum dated 22 June 1978.
TNA, FCO 93/1652, âMilitary Relations between UK and Sudan', memorandum dated 22 June 1978.
41
TNA, FCO 93/1636, D. C. Carden on NorthâSouth Relations, 18 December 1978, details of a meeting with Hassan Turabi, held on 28 November 1978.
TNA, FCO 93/1636, D. C. Carden on NorthâSouth Relations, 18 December 1978, details of a meeting with Hassan Turabi, held on 28 November 1978.
47
Meredith,
The State of Africa
, p. 588; Wright, Lawrence,
The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda's Road to 9/11
, London, 2006, p. 164.
Meredith,
The State of Africa
, p. 588; Wright, Lawrence,
The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda's Road to 9/11
, London, 2006, p. 164.
48
Ibid., pp. 166â8.
Ibid., pp. 166â8.
49
Ibid., pp. 214, 220.
Ibid., pp. 214, 220.
52
Ibid., p. 3.
Ibid., p. 3.
58
TNA, FO 633/86, âThe Reconquest of Sudan, October, 1895âSeptember, 1898', pp. 5â6.
Chapter 14: Indirect RuleTNA, FO 633/86, âThe Reconquest of Sudan, October, 1895âSeptember, 1898', pp. 5â6.
1
Schwarz, Frederick A. O., Jr,
Nigeria: The Tribes, the Nation, or the Race
, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1965, p. 20n.
Schwarz, Frederick A. O., Jr,
Nigeria: The Tribes, the Nation, or the Race
, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1965, p. 20n.
3
Myer, Valerie Grosvenor,
A Victorian Lady in Africa: The Story of Mary Kingsley
, Southampton, 1989, p. vii.
Myer, Valerie Grosvenor,
A Victorian Lady in Africa: The Story of Mary Kingsley
, Southampton, 1989, p. vii.
4
Ibid., p. 1.
Ibid., p. 1.
5
Kingsley, Mary, âImperialism: A Lecture Delivered in Liverpool', in
West African Studies
, 2nd edn, London, 1901, pp. 416â18.
Kingsley, Mary, âImperialism: A Lecture Delivered in Liverpool', in
West African Studies
, 2nd edn, London, 1901, pp. 416â18.
7
Shaw, Flora,
A Tropical Dependency: An Outline of the Ancient History of Western Soudan with an Account of the Modern Settlement of Northern Nigeria
, London, 1905, pp. 364â5.
Shaw, Flora,
A Tropical Dependency: An Outline of the Ancient History of Western Soudan with an Account of the Modern Settlement of Northern Nigeria
, London, 1905, pp. 364â5.
9
Ibid., p. 93.
Ibid., p. 93.
14
Robinson, Gallagher, with Alice Denny,
Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism
, 2nd edn, London, 1981, p. 395.
Robinson, Gallagher, with Alice Denny,
Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism
, 2nd edn, London, 1981, p. 395.
16
Ibid., p. xxvii.
Ibid., p. xxvii.
17
TNA, FO 403/75, correspondence respecting the Royal Niger Company, Part I, 1885â1886, p. 36b, letter dated 8 November 1886 from George Goldie to the Earl of Iddesleigh.
TNA, FO 403/75, correspondence respecting the Royal Niger Company, Part I, 1885â1886, p. 36b, letter dated 8 November 1886 from George Goldie to the Earl of Iddesleigh.
18
TNA, FCO 403/75, Royal Niger Company correspondence, pp. 64â8, letter from company to Sir J. Pauncefote, 20 December 1886.
TNA, FCO 403/75, Royal Niger Company correspondence, pp. 64â8, letter from company to Sir J. Pauncefote, 20 December 1886.
19
Ibid.
Ibid.
20
TNA, FCO 403/76, correspondence respecting the Royal Niger Company, Part II, 1888, pp. 12â13, letter from German Embassy, 27 January 1888; ibid., p. 56, letter from George Goldie to the Foreign Office, 21 February 1888.
TNA, FCO 403/76, correspondence respecting the Royal Niger Company, Part II, 1888, pp. 12â13, letter from German Embassy, 27 January 1888; ibid., p. 56, letter from George Goldie to the Foreign Office, 21 February 1888.
21
Ibid., p. 115, letter from Goldie to the Foreign Office, 1 May 1888.
Ibid., p. 115, letter from Goldie to the Foreign Office, 1 May 1888.
23
TNA, FO 403/75, correspondence respecting the Royal Niger Company, Part I, 1885â1886, pp. 90â3, letter from Messrs Stuart and Douglas to W. F. Lawrence MP, 15 December 1886.
TNA, FO 403/75, correspondence respecting the Royal Niger Company, Part I, 1885â1886, pp. 90â3, letter from Messrs Stuart and Douglas to W. F. Lawrence MP, 15 December 1886.
24
Ibid., p. 112, letter from W. F. Lawrence to the Foreign Office, 15 December 1886; letter from the Foreign Office to W. F. Lawrence, 27 January 1887.
Ibid., p. 112, letter from W. F. Lawrence to the Foreign Office, 15 December 1886; letter from the Foreign Office to W. F. Lawrence, 27 January 1887.
25
TNA, FO 403/149, correspondence respecting the Royal Niger Company, Part IV, 1890, p. 8, letter from the Duke of Westminster to the Marquess of Salisbury, 9 January 1890.
TNA, FO 403/149, correspondence respecting the Royal Niger Company, Part IV, 1890, p. 8, letter from the Duke of Westminster to the Marquess of Salisbury, 9 January 1890.
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