Ghosts of Empire (66 page)
Authors: Kwasi Kwarteng
43
Ibid., pp. 104â5.
Ibid., pp. 104â5.
45
Ibid., pp. 442â3.
Ibid., pp. 442â3.
49
Orwell, George, âWells, Hitler and the World State', in Orwell, George,
Essays
, London, new edn. 2000, p. 190.
Orwell, George, âWells, Hitler and the World State', in Orwell, George,
Essays
, London, new edn. 2000, p. 190.
50
Ibid., vol. I, p. 157, letter of Maharaja of Kashmir to Sardar Patel, 25 January 1948.
Chapter 8: White ElephantIbid., vol. I, p. 157, letter of Maharaja of Kashmir to Sardar Patel, 25 January 1948.
1
Browne, Horace A.,
Reminiscences of the Court of Mandalay: Extracts from the Diary of General Horace A. Browne, 1859â1879
, Woking, 1907, p. 179, entry dated 25 July 1879.
Browne, Horace A.,
Reminiscences of the Court of Mandalay: Extracts from the Diary of General Horace A. Browne, 1859â1879
, Woking, 1907, p. 179, entry dated 25 July 1879.
2
Ibid., p. 19, entry dated 1 September 1859.
Ibid., p. 19, entry dated 1 September 1859.
3
Ibid., p. 14, entry dated 1 September 1859.
Ibid., p. 14, entry dated 1 September 1859.
4
BL, MSS Eur E 290/20, Sladen papers, âThe Present Political Situation in Burma', report dated 17 September 1885.
BL, MSS Eur E 290/20, Sladen papers, âThe Present Political Situation in Burma', report dated 17 September 1885.
6
Ibid., p. 35, entry dated 24 April 1872.
Ibid., p. 35, entry dated 24 April 1872.
10
Ibid., p. 46, entry dated 31 July 1874.
Ibid., p. 46, entry dated 31 July 1874.
11
Maung Htin Aung,
Lord Randolph Churchill and the Dancing Peacock: British Conquest of Burma, 1885
, New Delhi, 1990, p. 34.
Maung Htin Aung,
Lord Randolph Churchill and the Dancing Peacock: British Conquest of Burma, 1885
, New Delhi, 1990, p. 34.
12
Anonymous,
Burma, the Foremost Country: A Timely Discourse
, London, 1884, p. 16; Ali, Mohammed Shamsher, âThe Beginnings of British Rule in Upper Burma: A Study of British Policy and Burmese Reaction 1885â1890', unpublished PhD thesis, University of London, 1976, pp. 32â3.
Anonymous,
Burma, the Foremost Country: A Timely Discourse
, London, 1884, p. 16; Ali, Mohammed Shamsher, âThe Beginnings of British Rule in Upper Burma: A Study of British Policy and Burmese Reaction 1885â1890', unpublished PhD thesis, University of London, 1976, pp. 32â3.
14
BL, MSS Eur E 290/20, Sladen papers, âThe Present Political Situation in Burma', report dated 17 September 1885, p. 1.
BL, MSS Eur E 290/20, Sladen papers, âThe Present Political Situation in Burma', report dated 17 September 1885, p. 1.
19
Colbeck, James,
Mandalay in 1878â1879: The Letters of James Alfred Colbeck, Originally Selected and Edited by George H. Colbeck in 1892
, ed. Michael W.
Charney, Knaresborough, 1892, p. 62, letter dated 18 September 1878; ibid., pp. 62, 65, letter dated 28 September. The recipients of Colbeck's letters are unknown.
Colbeck, James,
Mandalay in 1878â1879: The Letters of James Alfred Colbeck, Originally Selected and Edited by George H. Colbeck in 1892
, ed. Michael W.
Charney, Knaresborough, 1892, p. 62, letter dated 18 September 1878; ibid., pp. 62, 65, letter dated 28 September. The recipients of Colbeck's letters are unknown.
21
Ibid., p. 55.
Ibid., p. 55.
23
Ibid., p. 65, letter dated 28 September 1878.
Ibid., p. 65, letter dated 28 September 1878.
26
Geary, Grattan,
Burma, after the Conquest, Viewed in its Political, Social and Commercial Aspects from Mandalay
, London, 1886, p. 99.
Geary, Grattan,
Burma, after the Conquest, Viewed in its Political, Social and Commercial Aspects from Mandalay
, London, 1886, p. 99.
31
BL, MSS Eur E 290/25, Sladen papers, âMemorandum of the Burmese Minister of the Interior', written up by Sladen, dated 22 January 1886.
BL, MSS Eur E 290/25, Sladen papers, âMemorandum of the Burmese Minister of the Interior', written up by Sladen, dated 22 January 1886.
36
BL, MSS Eur D 912, Letter book of Sir Charles Edward Bernard, letter to Lord Ripon, 1 July 1880; letters to A. C. Lyall, 8 and 27 July 1880.
BL, MSS Eur D 912, Letter book of Sir Charles Edward Bernard, letter to Lord Ripon, 1 July 1880; letters to A. C. Lyall, 8 and 27 July 1880.
38
BL, MSS Eur D 912, letter to Lord Ripon, 6 April 1881.
BL, MSS Eur D 912, letter to Lord Ripon, 6 April 1881.
39
BL, MSS Eur E 290/20, Sladen papers, âThe Present Political Situation in Burma', p. 29.
BL, MSS Eur E 290/20, Sladen papers, âThe Present Political Situation in Burma', p. 29.
40
BL, MSS Eur D 912, letter to Lord Ripon, 22 February 1882.
BL, MSS Eur D 912, letter to Lord Ripon, 22 February 1882.
42
Colquhoun, A. R.,
Burma and the Burmans or the Best Unopened Market in the World,
London, 1885, p. vi.
Colquhoun, A. R.,
Burma and the Burmans or the Best Unopened Market in the World,
London, 1885, p. vi.
43
Ibid., pp. 21, 31, 40.
Ibid., pp. 21, 31, 40.
46
Browne, Edmond,
The Coming of the Great Queen: A Narrative of the Acquisition of Burma
, London, 1988, pp. 103â4.
Browne, Edmond,
The Coming of the Great Queen: A Narrative of the Acquisition of Burma
, London, 1988, pp. 103â4.
49
BL, MSS Eur E 254/10, Thirkell White papers, âletter from Secretary to the Chief Commissioner of British Burma to Secretary of the Government of India Foreign Department', 28 July 1885.
BL, MSS Eur E 254/10, Thirkell White papers, âletter from Secretary to the Chief Commissioner of British Burma to Secretary of the Government of India Foreign Department', 28 July 1885.
50
Ibid., letter from E. S. Symes to Indian Foreign Secretary, 16 October 1885.
Ibid., letter from E. S. Symes to Indian Foreign Secretary, 16 October 1885.
52
BL, MSS Eur E 290/20, pp. 36, 33, 40â1.
BL, MSS Eur E 290/20, pp. 36, 33, 40â1.
54
Ali, âThe Beginnings of British Rule in Upper Burma', p. 30.
Ali, âThe Beginnings of British Rule in Upper Burma', p. 30.
55
BL, MSS Eur E 290/65, Sladen papers, diary January to December 1885, entries dated 29 October and 7 November 1885.
BL, MSS Eur E 290/65, Sladen papers, diary January to December 1885, entries dated 29 October and 7 November 1885.
56
BL, MSS Eur E 290/26, Sladen papers, letter from E. B. Sladen to H. M. Durand, Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department, 21 December 1885.
BL, MSS Eur E 290/26, Sladen papers, letter from E. B. Sladen to H. M. Durand, Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department, 21 December 1885.
57
BL, MSS Eur E 290/65, Sladen diary, entry dated 9 December 1885.
BL, MSS Eur E 290/65, Sladen diary, entry dated 9 December 1885.
58
Ibid., entry dated 16 December 1885.
Chapter 9: The Road from MandalayIbid., entry dated 16 December 1885.
1
BL, MSS Eur B 380/2, Mayo papers, letter to Colonel Fytche, 11 June 1869.
BL, MSS Eur B 380/2, Mayo papers, letter to Colonel Fytche, 11 June 1869.
3
Ibid., pp. 524â5.
Ibid., pp. 524â5.
6
Ibid., p. 322, House of Commons debate, 25 January 1886.
Ibid., p. 322, House of Commons debate, 25 January 1886.
7
Ibid., pp. 850â3, House of Lords debate, 22 February 1886.
Ibid., pp. 850â3, House of Lords debate, 22 February 1886.
10
Ibid., p. 963, House of Commons debate, 22 February 1886.
Ibid., p. 963, House of Commons debate, 22 February 1886.
11
Ibid., p. 974, House of Commons debate, 22 February 1886.
Ibid., p. 974, House of Commons debate, 22 February 1886.
13
Blackburn, Terence R.,
Executions by the Half-Dozen: The Pacification of Burma
, New Delhi, 2008, p. 13.
Blackburn, Terence R.,
Executions by the Half-Dozen: The Pacification of Burma
, New Delhi, 2008, p. 13.
14
BL, MSS Eur E 290/26, Sladen papers, âMemorandum by his Excellency the Viceroy and Governor-General', 25 February 1886.
BL, MSS Eur E 290/26, Sladen papers, âMemorandum by his Excellency the Viceroy and Governor-General', 25 February 1886.
15
Ibid.
Ibid.
16
Parliamentary Debates
, vol. 302, p. 182, House of Lords debate, 22 January 1886; ibid., p. 189, House of Commons debate, 22 January 1886.
Parliamentary Debates
, vol. 302, p. 182, House of Lords debate, 22 January 1886; ibid., p. 189, House of Commons debate, 22 January 1886.
17
BL, MSS Eur E 290/26, Sladen papers, âMemorandum by his Excellency the Viceroy and Governor-General', 25 February 1886.
BL, MSS Eur E 290/26, Sladen papers, âMemorandum by his Excellency the Viceroy and Governor-General', 25 February 1886.
18
Geary, Grattan,
Burma, after the Conquest, Viewed in its Political, Social and Commercial Aspects from Mandalay
, London, 1886, p. 219.
Geary, Grattan,
Burma, after the Conquest, Viewed in its Political, Social and Commercial Aspects from Mandalay
, London, 1886, p. 219.
19
Kipling, Rudyard, âThe Taking of Lungtungpen', in Kipling, Rudyard,
Plain Tales from the Hills
, London, 1888, pp. 99â104.
Kipling, Rudyard, âThe Taking of Lungtungpen', in Kipling, Rudyard,
Plain Tales from the Hills
, London, 1888, pp. 99â104.
21
Ibid., p. 236. The correct quotation is âwhen lenity and cruelty play for a kingdom, the gentler gamester is the soonest winner'.
Ibid., p. 236. The correct quotation is âwhen lenity and cruelty play for a kingdom, the gentler gamester is the soonest winner'.
22
BL, MSS Eur E 290/26, Sladen papers, âMinuted Conversation with Mr Bernard', 20 December 1885; letter from Colonel Sladen to the Chief Commissioner, 27 December 1885.
BL, MSS Eur E 290/26, Sladen papers, âMinuted Conversation with Mr Bernard', 20 December 1885; letter from Colonel Sladen to the Chief Commissioner, 27 December 1885.
23
Ibid., letter from the Chief Commissioner to Colonel Sladen, 27 December 1885; letter from Sladen to the Chief Commissioner, 28 December 1885.
Ibid., letter from the Chief Commissioner to Colonel Sladen, 27 December 1885; letter from Sladen to the Chief Commissioner, 28 December 1885.
24
Ibid., telegram from the Chief Commissioner to the Indian government, 10 January 1886.
Ibid., telegram from the Chief Commissioner to the Indian government, 10 January 1886.
25
Ibid., âMemorandum by his Excellency the Viceroy and Governor-General', 25 February 1886.
Ibid., âMemorandum by his Excellency the Viceroy and Governor-General', 25 February 1886.
26
BL, MSS Eur E 290/28, Sladen papers, papers relating to the visit of Lord and Lady Dufferin to Mandalay, February 1886, statement of Lord Dufferin to the Council, signed Mandalay, 18 February 1886.
BL, MSS Eur E 290/28, Sladen papers, papers relating to the visit of Lord and Lady Dufferin to Mandalay, February 1886, statement of Lord Dufferin to the Council, signed Mandalay, 18 February 1886.
27
BL, MSS Eur E 290/27, Sladen papers.
BL, MSS Eur E 290/27, Sladen papers.
30
BL, MSS Eur E 254/1, Thirkell White papers, letter from Charles Crosthwaite to Herbert Thirkell White, 6 August 1909.
BL, MSS Eur E 254/1, Thirkell White papers, letter from Charles Crosthwaite to Herbert Thirkell White, 6 August 1909.
32
Ibid., p. 2.
Ibid., p. 2.
34
Minayeff, I. P.,
Travels in and Diaries of India and Burma
, trans. Hirendwanath Sanyal, Calcutta, 1958, p. 145, entry dated 25 January 1886.
Minayeff, I. P.,
Travels in and Diaries of India and Burma
, trans. Hirendwanath Sanyal, Calcutta, 1958, p. 145, entry dated 25 January 1886.
37
BL, MSS Eur E 254/10, Thirkell White papers, Major General Sir George White in the
Burma Gazette
, 2 July 1887.
BL, MSS Eur E 254/10, Thirkell White papers, Major General Sir George White in the
Burma Gazette
, 2 July 1887.
38
Ibid., A. H. Hildebrand, Political Officer, Shan States, diary entry dated 25 January 1887; J. G. Scott, Assistant Superintendent, diary entry dated 6 March 1887.
Ibid., A. H. Hildebrand, Political Officer, Shan States, diary entry dated 25 January 1887; J. G. Scott, Assistant Superintendent, diary entry dated 6 March 1887.
40
BL, MSS Eur E 254/10, Thirkell White papers, âTranslation of papers found on the body of Bo Swe, the notorious dacoit leader in the Minbu district who was killed in October, 1887'.
BL, MSS Eur E 254/10, Thirkell White papers, âTranslation of papers found on the body of Bo Swe, the notorious dacoit leader in the Minbu district who was killed in October, 1887'.
41
Ibid., âAppendix 1 to note by Chief Commissioner from H. T. White', dated 29 September 1889.
Ibid., âAppendix 1 to note by Chief Commissioner from H. T. White', dated 29 September 1889.
43
Charles Crosthwaite, letter to Captain Raikes, 4 April 1888, quoted in Ali, Mohammed Shamsher, âThe Beginnings of British Rule in Upper Burma: A Study of British Policy and Burmese Reaction, 1885â1890', unpublished PhD thesis, University of London, 1976, pp. 284, 288.
Charles Crosthwaite, letter to Captain Raikes, 4 April 1888, quoted in Ali, Mohammed Shamsher, âThe Beginnings of British Rule in Upper Burma: A Study of British Policy and Burmese Reaction, 1885â1890', unpublished PhD thesis, University of London, 1976, pp. 284, 288.
44
BL, MSS Eur E 254/1, Thirkell White papers, letter from Charles Crosthwaite to Herbert Thirkell White, 2 January 1902.
BL, MSS Eur E 254/1, Thirkell White papers, letter from Charles Crosthwaite to Herbert Thirkell White, 2 January 1902.
45
BL, MSS Eur E 254/10, âNote by H. T. White, Secretary for Upper Burma, on the settlement of Pegu Province in 1852â55', [n.d.] July 1886.
BL, MSS Eur E 254/10, âNote by H. T. White, Secretary for Upper Burma, on the settlement of Pegu Province in 1852â55', [n.d.] July 1886.
47
Ali, âThe Beginnings of British Rule', p. 314.
Ali, âThe Beginnings of British Rule', p. 314.
48
Ibid., p. 319.
Ibid., p. 319.
50
Ali, âThe Beginnings of British Rule', p. 330.
Ali, âThe Beginnings of British Rule', p. 330.
52
Ibid., p. 164.
Chapter 10: âTwilight over Burma'Ibid., p. 164.
1
BL, MSS Eur E 362/3, Sir Arthur Bruce, Memoirs, p. 4.
BL, MSS Eur E 362/3, Sir Arthur Bruce, Memoirs, p. 4.
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