The Origins of the British: The New Prehistory of Britain (84 page)

post-LGM mtDNA source
122
,
126
,
128
,
132
,
165–6

Y chromosome founding genes
123–4
,
133

beachcombing

Atlantic coast
142
,
146

founding routes
144

increase in
157

in Ireland
159–60

in S. England
160

Beaker pottery
103–4
,
111
,
248
,
253
,
268

Bede, Venerable
386

on ‘Angle invasion’
10
,
364–6
,
376
,
477

Frank/Saxon evidence
357–8
,
373

on Hwicca
373

on indigenous languages
82–3

and Picts
82–3
,
217
,
356

Belgae

British closeness of
313
,
330–1
,
331–2

Caesar on
12
,
78

celtic language theory
314

coin exports
79
,
368

Continental links
78–9

as Germanic
314–15

personal/place-names of
320

in SE England
482

Belgica
315
,
321

Bell Beaker Pottery
103
,
111
,
248
,
253
,
266
,
268

Bellovaci tribe
317
,
318

Beowulf

date of
448

English-Scandinavian links
391

Germanic language
10

Scandinavian words
352
,
353

Berbers
183

Bernicii tribe
77

blood group analysis

dating not possible
409

dialect theory
407

and migrations
409–10

Welsh–English divide
4
,
406–7

Bohemia
46

Boii tribe
46

bone artefacts
125
,
153

Bosporus threshold
218

Bradley, Dan
475–6

Bragg, Melvyn
463
,
466

Breton

as Brythonic
71
,
96

and Gaulish
98

Brigantes tribe
28
,
75–7
,
80
,
81
,
86

Brigantia tribe
28

Brigantii
76

Brigantinus Portus (Brigantium Hispaniae)
76

Britain

Danish gene matches
450–5

east–west divide
308–9
,
480–1

European land bridge
2
,
115
,
142
,
144
,
147
,
192
,
469

Gallo-Belgic coins
331

indigenous languages
82

insular celtic in
250

lexical diversity
353

north–south divide
480–1

Norwegian genes in
454–6

Viking colonization
449

see also
eastern Britain

British

Belgic similarities
313

classical views of
311–14

British Columbia
161–2

British Isles

Basque founding genes
132
,
141
,
165–6
,
475

celtic languages in
28
,
98–9
,
99
,
104

Continental influence
267

Danish Viking raid
195
,
440
,
448

east–west divide
269
,
470–1
,
477

Frisian genes absent
440

‘Gallic dialects’ in
28

Iberian influence
139–40
,
163–4
,
165–75
,
307–8
,
437

Insular Celts in
62

LGM gene clearance
3–4
,
16
,
115

LUP/Mesolithic incursions
163–4

male Balkan genes
141
,
146
,
147

male Scandinavian input
187

Mesolithic incursions
163–4
,
173–5
,
199–200

modern ‘Celtic’ in
24

Norwegian influence
188
,
195
,
461

Norwegian Viking raids
446–7

oldest language of
151

pre-Neolithic roots
471

pre-Younger Dryas genes
154

recolonization
115
,
120
,
128
,
140

Scandinavian input
185
,
308–9

spread of Celtic languages to
229

two-source colonization
3–4
,
114
,
204–5
,
269
,
297
,
301
,
428–9
,
481

British Neolithic

date of adoption
198

delayed adoption
198
,
209

duration of
247

genetic re-expansions
200
,
221–5

inward gene flow
218
,
473–4

megaliths
252–60

non-celtic languages
249–52

northern gene line
229–35

Norwegian male intrusion
188

two-source inputs
198
,
204–5
,
243
,
308–9

Brittany

celtic languages in
24
,
27
,
109

metal industries
111

Neolithic migration
308

relatedness of language
8

Broca, Paul
51

Bronze Age

acculturation in
272

artefacts
271–5
,
272–5

British–Continental interchange
271–5
,
309

celtic expansion
99
,
102
,
104

European trade
271–5

expansion in
122

genetic inflow
309

Goidelic/Bryonic split
97

see also
Early Bronze Age; Late Bronze Age

bronze axes
276

Brythonic languages
70–3
,
75

areas of influence
81

in Brittany
71

Brythonic/Goidelic split
96–7
,
99
,
110

in Ireland
87
,
100

as P-celtic
87–8

vs Goidelic
88–9
,
96–7

Buchanan, George
28
,
105
,
323

burials

beaker burials
264

grave goods
162
,
265–8
,
394–6

horses
396

individual
260–1
,
272

Mesolithic
162

Neolithic
199
,
252–6

at Stonehenge
267–9

Caesar, Julius

on Belgic/Germanic tribes
316–18
,
322
,
363

on British
313

Celt–Gaul conflation
29
,
44
,
65

on Celts in Gaul
48–9
,
58
,
105

on Gaul
12

cairn graves
255

Cambodunum (England/Austria)
76

Campbell, Ewan
85–6

Cantiaci tribe
363

Capelli, Cristian
419–23
,
426
,
430
,
437–8
,
439
,
476

Carausius
358–9

Cardial Impressed Ware
6
,
104–5
,
201–2
,
215
,
228
,
229
,
298

Carvetii
73
,
75
,
80

Cassiterides
36

cattle
199
,
200

Catuvellauni tribe
328

Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca
284
,
285
,
287–90

Celtae
12

Celtiberi
44

Celtiberian language
59
,
62–3
,
90

celtic languages
229

and Ancient Britons
24–5
,
67
,
70