The Origins of the British: The New Prehistory of Britain (83 page)

12.3 Three British male genetic founding clusters of the historical period, none of which clearly relate to the Anglo-Saxon Advent. [Data for all three contour maps from present study.]

12.3a The largest Viking gene cluster, I1a-3.

12.3b Gene cluster R1a1–3b.

12.3c Gene cluster R1b-8a.

12.4 Matching male gene type intrusions from Norway. [Data from present study.]

A1 Tree of the main maternal gene groups (haplogroups) used in the analysis in this book in the broader context of the West Eurasian mitochondrial DNA tree. [Updated from Oppenheimer (2003),
figure 3.3
; additional dates from Richards et al. (2000), Pereira et al. (2005) and Achilli et al. (2004, 2005).]

A2 Detail of dated branches of Helina expanding from the Iberian refuge. [Dates based on coding region estimates from Pereira et al. (2005), table 2; detail of phylogeny (total over 15 H sub-groups) after Achilli et al. (2004), figure 1.]

A3 Tree of the main Y-chromosome gene groups used in the analysis in this book. [After Capelli et al. (2003), figure 2.]

A4 Tree of Ruisko gene clusters described in this book, with branch dates. [Analysis from present study.]

A5 Tree of Ivan gene groups
^12,13
and clusters described in this book, with branch dates. [Analysis from present study.]

A6 Tree of Rostov gene clusters described in this book, with branch dates. [Analysis from present study.]

Plates

1      ‘The Dying Gaul’ sculpture. [akg-images/Nimatallah.]

2      The Battersea Shield. [Werner Forman Archive/British Museum.]

3      Frame from
Asterix in Britain
by Goscinny and Uderzo. [Copyright © Les Éditions Albert-René/Goscinny-Uderzo.]

4      13,500-year-old rib engraved with a hunted horse, from Robin       Hood cave, Creswell Crags. [The British Museum.]

5      The Neolithic settlement of Skara Brae in Shetland. [[
http://www.doughoughton.com
].]

6      5,300-year-old Newgrange passage grave in Ireland. [Mark Hannaford/John Warburton-Lee Photography.]

7      West Kennet Long Barrow burial mound. [Skyscan/Science Photo Library.]

8      The Amesbury Archer beaker burial. [Wessex Archaeology.]

9      Seahenge on the sands of Norfolk. [English Heritage/HIP/TopFoto. co.uk.]

10    The burial mound entrance passage at Maes Howe in Orkney. [[
http://www.doughoughton.com
].]

11    The Folkton Drums. [The British Museum/TopFoto.co.uk.]

12    The Bronze Age Battersea cauldron. [The British Museum/HIP/TopFoto.co.uk.]

13    Bronze Age flesh-hook from Dunaverny, Northern Ireland. [The British Museum/HIP/TopFoto.co.uk.]

14    Helmet from the Sutton Hoo boat burial. [The British Museum/Bridgeman Art Library.]

15    Shoulder clasps from the Sutton Hoo boat burial. [The British Museum/Boltin Picture Library/Bridgeman Art Library.]

16    Torc from the Snettisham Hoard. [The British Museum/Boltin Picture Library/Bridgeman Art Library.]

17    The original excavation of Sutton Hoo. [Topham Picturepoint/TopFoto.co.uk.]

18    The Oseberg Ship of Norway. [Werner Forman Archive/Viking Ship Museum, Bygdoy.]

19    Longship at sea (scene from the Sturla Gunnarson movie
Beowulf and Grendel
). [Sturla Gunnarson.]

20    Beowulf enters the court of Hrothgar (scene from the Sturla Gunnarson movie
Beowulf and Grendel
). [Arclight Films/Photofest.]

21    ‘Up Helly Aa’ Norse festival in Shetland. [[
http://www.doughoughton.com
].]

22    Faces of our time: a Scotsman, an Irish mother, an English woman and a Welsh choral singer. [Collections/Graham Burns; Collections/Michael Diggin; Eye Ubiquitous/Nancy Durrell-McKenna; Collections/Brian Shuel.]

Note
Unless otherwise stated, all ages/dates derived from radiocarbon dating in captions to figures and plates and in the main text are given as ‘years ago’, meaning that they are already corrected or calibrated in primary cited literature sources. There are self-identified exceptions, e.g.
Figure 6.1a
, where raw radiocarbon dates were used in the source reference.

acculturation

Bronze Age
272

LBK spread
240

Mesolithic
203–4
,
218

runic script spread
382

Adamnan
82
,
356

Adams, Jonathan
297

agriculture
see
farming

Ahrensburgian culture
178

All-Over Corded (AOC) Beakers
264
,
265

amber
264

Ambiani tribe
331

Ambrosius Aurelius (King Arthur?)
365
,
376

Amos, Bill
430–1

Anatolia

Celtic invasion theory
64–5

farming roots
287
,
298

Indo-European source
287

Neolithic spread from
236
,
262
,
293

Ancient Britons

as celtic-speakers
10
,
25
,
67
,
69–70

possible types
12–15

Angeln
10
,
396
,
397
,
449

Angles

brooch evidence
381
,
397

as invaders
10
,
364–6
,
377
,
390
,
477–8
,
480

political spread
381

separateness of
380
,
398

Anglian language
391

Anglo-Jutes
370

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
386
,
391

Anglo-Saxon ‘invasion’

Anglian intrusion rate
478

archaeological evidence
438–9
,
478

cultural continuity view
397
,
402–5
,
430–1
,
478

gene type matching
432–8

lack of founding events
432
,
443

limited scope of
214–15
,
438–9
,
477–8
,
485–6

phylogeographic approach
417
,
428–9

‘wipe-out’ view
15
,
70
,
233
,
306
,
337
,
398
,
420
,
438

Anglo-Saxon language
335
,
338–9

Anglo-Saxons

effect of Normans on
463–6

homeland definitions
403
,
435
,
438

kings’ self-perception
385
,
391

longhouses of
403

perceived Norse roots
391

‘Saxon coast’ matches
439–40

animals

domestic cattle
197

hunting of
123
,
154–5

for traction
256

see also
horses/ponies; mammoths

antler artefacts
153

Arbois de Jubainville, Henri d’
53–4
,
56

archaeology

as Celtic ‘evidence’
54–5

fashions
261–2

and language
299
,
301

and linguistics
57
,
95

pre-carbon-14
55

areal effect
90
,
97

Arras Culture
13

art

cave art
120

as Celtic ‘evidence’
54–5
,
64
,
66

Iron Age
55

Late Upper Palaeolithic
120

pre-Saxon England
15

Stone Age
125

Asia Minor
48
,
101
,
212

Asleifarson, Svein
460

Asterix
14
,
22
,
29
,
256

Atkinson, Quentin
97
,
99
,
292–3
,
298
,
299
,
347

Atlantic Celts

southern founding genes
5
,
16

Welsh as
11–12

Atlantic coast

cultural continuity
2–5

delayed Neolithic
209–10
,
218

Iberian contribution
149

Longue Durée
270
,
475

Mesolithic culture
161–2

post-LGM colonization
143–5

Atlantic language
249

Atlantic Mesolithic
161–2

Atlantic Modal Haplotype
140
,
167
,
224

Atrebates tribe
12
,
59
,
78–9
,
320
,
322

Austria
76

Avenius
32
,
53
,
217

Badegoulian culture
126

Badon Hill, battle of
365
,
373
,
375

Balkans

Neolithic in
212
,
227–8

as Scandinavian source
198

two-route migration
297

as Y gene source
146
,
147
,
189
,
228
,
423

Balto-Slavic language
96
,
293

barbecues
273
,
276

Basque Haplotype
140

Basque language in British Isles
151

Basque region

British gene retention
418

bypassed by Neolithic
215
,
218
,
235
,
282

language of
282