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Figures

1.1 Where is the source of the Danube?

1.2 Early voyagers up the Atlantic coast: Pytheas and Himilco. [Pytheas’ route after Cunliffe (2004), figure 7.33.]

1.3 Which Celtic homeland? [Celtic tribal movements out of Central Europe after Cunliffe (2004), figure 8.3.]

2.1a Who were the Celts in Classical times? Caesar’s view. [Names of tribes in Gaul after Cunliffe (1988), figure 45, and Collis (2003), figure 55. Celtic arrows to Italy after Collis (2003), figure 46.]

2.1b Where was the evidence for celtic languages in classical times? [Data from Sims-Williams (2006),
figures 11.1
and 11.2. This is based on over 20,000 names analysed in a detailed one-degree square grid map. The contour lower cut-off misses some genuine celtic names outside the shading; percentages in northern France and Britain are under review.]

2.2 Gallo-Belgic coins and their British derivatives do not overlap later celtic stone inscriptions in the British Isles. [Celtic
inscriptions zones (
AD
400–1100) after Celtic Inscribed Stones Project (CISP) [
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/cisp/database/maps/bigmap_all.html
; Gallo-Belgic and British coin distributions after Cunliffe (1981b), figures 13 and 14.]

2.3 Ancient British tribal names, locations and capitals. [Multiple sources.]

2.4 Celtic confusion: alternative trees of celtic language origin based on the comparative method. [Tree structures after Schmidt (1998) and McCone (1996).]

3.1 A clean sheet for the British Isles. [After Oppenheimer (2003), Figure 6.2; vegetation zones and mapping of greater land area resulting from lower sea level based on Jonathan Adams, [
http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/NEW_MAPS/europe1.gif
] and [
http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/eur(22-.gif
].]

3.2 Human activity in Northern Europe through the Ice Age and Younger Dryas. [After Gamble et al. (2004), figure 1.]

3.3 Colonizing ‘Greater Britain’ after the Ice Age. [Vegetation zones and mapping of greater land area resulting from lower sea level after Jonathan Adams, [
http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/NEW_MAPS/europe2.gif
] and [
http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/eur(13k.gif
].]

3.4 Ancestor Vera, who gave the first clear genetic evidence of Ice Age refuges and early re-expansion from Iberia into the north-west. [After Torroni et al. (2001), figures 3b and 4a.]

3.5 The immediate impact of maternal re-expansions into north-west Europe from Iberia after the Ice Age from 15,000 years ago. [Mapping greater land area as for
Figure 3.3
; data from Pereira et al. (2005), tables 1 and 2, excluding Scandinavia.]

3.6 Male re-expansions into north-west Europe from Iberia immediately after the Ice Age. [Mapping greater land area as for
Figure 3.3
.]

3.6a Ruisko gene group (R1b). [Data from Tambets et al. (2004), table 3; Semino et al. (2000), table 1; and dataset in present study for extreme Western Europe.]

3.6b Rox gene cluster (R1b-9). [Dataset from present study.]

3.6c R1b-5 gene cluster. [Dataset from present study.]

3.6d Rory gene cluster (R1b-14). [Dataset from present study.]

3.6e R1b-15c gene cluster. [Dataset from present study.]

3.6f R1b-16 gene cluster. [Dataset from present study.]

3.7 Ivan (I gene group): male re-expansions into north-west Europe from the Balkans and Ukraine after the Ice Age. [Data from Rootsi et al. (2004), table 1, and dataset from present study for extreme Western Europe; Early Mesolithic coastline as for
Figure 4.2
.]

3.8 Ingert (I1c gene group), the earliest Balkan males to reach Britain? [Data from Rootsi et al. (2004), table 1, and dataset from present study for extreme Western Europe; Creswellian sites after Barton and Roberts (2004), figure 5; Early Mesolithic coastline as for
Figure 4.2
.]