The Origins of the British: The New Prehistory of Britain (88 page)

genetic drift
133

refuge regions
117–18
,
122–3
,
124
,
125
,
125–6
,
146

Late Bronze Age
8
,
276

Late Copper/Early Bronze Age
284

Late Glacial
116

Late Mesolithic
2
,
204
,
228

Late Neolithic
8
,
172

Late Upper Palaeolithic (LUP)

expansion in
118–19
,
122–3
,
132
,
164

North Sea–Creswellian links
148

Latin
323
,
324
,
334–5
,
368

Leeds, Edward
399

Lepontic
61
,
88

lexico-statistics
92–3

LGM
see
Last Glacial Maximum

Lhuyd, Edward
26–7
,
28
,
30
,
62
,
65
,
66

Celtic ‘label’
28

and ‘Celtic’ term
8–9

Cornish study
70

insular celtic view
105

Ligurians
40
,
53

Lindsey
404

Linearbandkeramic
(LBK) pottery
16–17
,
200–1
,
219
,
227–8
,
298

‘LBK line’
229

linguistic reconstruction
73

Livy
32
,
46
,
49
,
61

longboats
82
,
445–6

Longue Durée
475

Low Countries
425–6
,
428

Low German
345

Lowland Scots (Lallans)
355
,
356

LUP
see
Late Upper Palaeolithic

Lusitani tribe
64

Lusitanian language
63

Maes Howe
258

Magdalenian culture
119
,
125–6

mammoths
154–5

Maritime Bell Beakers
103–4
,
111
,
266
,
268
,
473

Marseilles: Greek colony of
45

McCone, Kim
90
,
97

McEvoy, Brian
475

McMahon, April and Robert
97
,
299
,
300
,
347

Mediterranean

Irish invasions from
8

Neolithic route
6
,
16–17
,
104–5

menhirs
255–8

Meso-Europeic languages
293
,
296
,
298

Mesolithic

artefacts
157
,
161–2

Basque founding genes
5

beginning of
156

burial rituals
162

diet
153
,
154–5

European mtDNA intrusions
163

expansion in
119
,
122
,
124
,
161–2
,
162

Indo-European theory
297
,
300

persistence of
196
,
204
,
209–10

pottery
201

see also
Atlantic Mesolithic; Danish Mesolithic; Late Mesolithic

Middle English
386
,
466

Middle Gaul
51
,
58
,
79

Middle Upper Palaeolithic
125

migration

Iron Age
7
,
8
,
10
,
24–5
,
29

problems with
290

sceptics
17

migrationism
56
,
288–9

Milesians
87
,
101–2

mitochondrial DNA
see
mtDNA

Modern English
338

Mourant, Arthur
406
,
417

mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA)

ancient samples
240–1

Anglo-Saxon invasions
15
,
441–2

European founding lines
126–37

LUP re-expansions
122–3

Mesolithic founding genes
5
,
165–6

Neolithic intrusions
212–18
,
442

pre-Viking ponies
277–80
,
278–80

Scandinavian intrusions
181–2

Myres, John
399
,
404

N3 (TAT) Y-chromosome line
185–6

N1a mtDNA group
241–2

names

as celtic indicators
10
,
320

English types
465–6

as Norman indicator
464–6

see also
personal names; place-names

Narbonne
42
,
43
,
44
,
49
,
65

Nazi ‘racial anthropology’
17
,
51

Near East

European mtDNA genes
164
,
219

intrusion impact
242
,
245–6

spread of farming from
198
,
200
,
204
,
219
,
236
,
285

Neolithic

acculturation vs migration
200
,
218
,
241–2
,
245–6
,
271–2

adoption dates
198
,
297

agriculture spread
16
,
104
,
111
,
123
,
197–8

artefacts
272–3

celtic expansion
99
,
104
,
473

cultural expansion
16

dating
212
,
297

delayed British take-up
213

diet changes
205–6

expansion in
119
,
123
,
143–5

megaliths
252–60

north–south separation
481

and pottery
200–4
,
219
,
227–8

see also
British Neolithic; Early Neolithic; European Neolithic; Late Neolithic

Nervii tribe
317
,
318
,
323

Netherlands
146

network method
110

Newton, Sam
393–4

Nichols, Geoff
97
,
293

Norfolk
147–8
,
149
,
192
,
396
,
420
,
451

Norman invasion

cultural continuity of
464
,
466

effect on written English
466

immigration levels
401
,
463–4
,
485

Normans

French language
325

Viking roots
467

North Africa
183

North Sea

Ice Age changes
115

post-LGM British intrusions
147–8

post-LGM physical changes
143

north-west Europe

Baltic influence
423

Bronze Age gene flow
276–7

genetic similarity study
423–5

Iberian influence
128–9
,
307–8
,
423

LGM sterility
115

LUP gene contribution
122

male British intrusions
194

Mesolithic in
161

Neolithic genes from
215
,
234

Scandinavian/Baltic influence
423

tool-making variations
161

Northern Europe

British Bronze Age links
277–80

Franco-Spanish repopulation
183

Northern European Plain
261

Norway

Iberian influence
195
,
437

Scottish intrusions
243

Viking raids on Britain
444–5
,
446–8
,
455–6
,
480

Y chromosome incursions
186–7

Notitia dignitatum
359
,
361–2

numerals/counting
72–3
,
89

Oestrimnides
37
,
41

Offa’s Dyke
4
,
405

Ogham inscriptions
83
,
85
,
335
,
368
,
461

Old English

Common Germanic theory
354

dialects of
346
,
353

dissimilarity from neighbours
345–6

Frisian similarities
345
,
348

Germanic separation
351–2