The Origins of the British: The New Prehistory of Britain (86 page)

East Germanic languages
340–1

eastern Britain

Bronze Age gene inflow
308–9

Mesolithic colonization
175–7
,
192
,
194

Neolithic input
198
,
308–9

Rhine connection
276

Scandinavian links
403–4
,
481

Eastern Europe

Celtic ‘evidence’
64

Ice Age refuges
189

language vs gene flow
293
,
296–7

LGM activity
117

E3b male group (Y)
235–9
,
270

England
364–7

Anglo-Saxons in
14
,
214–15

celtic language in
10–11
,
66
,
80
,
105

Danish Viking raids
448

Germanic continuity
404

Iberian influence
308
,
437

Low Countries closeness
425–6

recent immigration
486–7

Scandinavian roots
391

separateness of
15
,
16
,
175

tribes of
73–9

see also
southern England

English Channel
115
,
142
,
145

English (language)

ancient roots theory
353–5

Norman invasion effect
463

Norse influence
481–2

pre-Dark Ages roots
482

preponderance of Germanic words in
11

separate branch of Germanic languages
481

English (people)

English–Welsh divide
4
,
69
,
301
,
405–7
,
413–16

during Roman invasion
12–15

self-perception
482–3

Ephorus
44

Epi-Gravettian culture
125

Érainn
(
Iverni
; Firbolgs) tribe
86
,
87
,
100

Eratosthenes
44

‘ethnic group’
383–4

‘ethnicity’
383–4

Eurasia
198

Europe

Celtic invasions of
46
,
58
,
61

Indo-European expansion
99

Neolithic spread
210–11

post-LGM recolonization
118
,
128–37

see also
Eastern Europe; north-west Europe; Northern Europe; Western Europe

European Neolithic

celtic language origins
6

entry routes
198
,
200
,
204
,
212–18
,
217

forest clearance
209

intrusion rates
244–5

Evans, David Ellis
315
,
320
,
324

farming

advantages of
205–7

ploughs
255

spread of
16
,
104
,
111
,
199
,
285

Finland
185

Firbolgs
see Érainn

fishing
158
,
179

FMH (Frisian Modal haplotype)
172
,
224

foederati
357
,
364

forests

clearance
207–9

forest-dwellers
207–9

Forster, Peter
98–9
,
104
,
110
,
215
,
216
,
251
,
299–300
,
350–5
,
442
,
473
,
476

forts
359–62

Fosna-Hensbacka culture
178

founder effect
121
,
124

France
6
,
34
,
41

frequency maps
407–10

Frisia

as Anglo-Saxon source
422

British invasion theory
15
,
172
,
195
,
225
,
428

English similarities
15
,
146
,
149
,
194
,
225
,
374
,
411–12
,
431

Frisian language
345
,
346
,
348

Frisian Modal haplotype (FMH)
172
,
224

Frisians

British invasion theory
378

presence in Britain
379–80

funnel-necked-beakers
253
,
262

Gaelic (Goidelic)

Goidelic/Brythonic split
97
,
99
,
110

as Q-celtic
88

Spanish-Celtic theory
86

vs Brythonic
87
,
96

see also
Irish Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic

‘Gaelic Modal Haplotype’
222

Galatia
64–5

Gallaeci tribe
64
,
76

gallery graves
253
,
255

Gallic War
330
,
331

Garonne river
105

Gaul
12
,
48–9
,
51
,
58
,
61
,
78
,
313

Gaulish

evidence for
59

insular celtic link
98

insular celtic split
98

lacks own script
61

as related to Brythonic
87
,
88

Welsh link
87
,
89
,
98

Gaulish/Lepontic languages
88

Gauls
43

gene group frequency
423–5
,
428

gene pool

British
132

founder effect
112–13
,
124

LUP contribution?
100–7

gene type matching
195

genetic distance maps
419–20
,
423–5

genetic drift
133
,
181
,
239

genetic identity
245

genetic prehistory
428

genetic trees
110

genetic watershed
141

gens
384

Germania Inferior
318

Germanic languages

break-up of
96
,
97

Germanic/celtic divide
301

name evidence
323–5

Neolithic/Bronze Age theory
301

North Sea Germanic
343
,
345

pre-Roman invasion
12

present distribution
229

West Germanic split
341

Germanic tribes
316–20

Gesta Danorum
389
,
445

Gibraltar, Straits of
41
,
42

Gildas, St.

on ‘Angle invasion’
474

British bias
384–5

English identity denied
484

on Picts
82

on ‘Saxon invasion’
10
,
305–6
,
349
,
364–7
,
376
,
394
,
430–40
,
468
,
477

Gimbutas, Maria
263

glottochronology
94
,
292

Goidelic
see
Gaelic

Goodacre, Sara
459
,
461

Gravettian culture
125
,
126

Gray, Russell
97
,
104
,
110
,
292
,
293
,
296
,
299
,
347

Greece
64
,
87
,
100

Greek language
89–90

grooved ware
258–9

group affiliation

observer’s view
384

subjective view
385

Haak, Wolfgang
240

Hallstatt culture
7
,
9
,
30
,
54
,
66
,
105

Hamerow, Helena
400
,
402

Härke, Heinrich
438–9
,
463

Harold, King
468

Helgason, Agnar
457
,
459

Helina (H) maternal group
126
,
128–9
,
132
,
164–5
,
179
,
181

henges
256–60

Herodotus
23
,
44
,
54

Heyerdahl, Thor
387–8

High German
341
,
345