Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II (88 page)

14

Ibid., pp. 63-4.

15

For the text of R
descu’s speech see Giurescu, doc. 4, pp. 174—5; see also Judt, P. 135.

16

Tismaneanu, pp. 89—90.

17

Deletant, p. 72: 2,851 Interior Ministry officials were placed on reserve, and 195 dismissed.

18

Rumanian National Committee,
Suppression of Human Rights,
pp. 67-8.

19

Ibid., p. 27; Winterton, p. 96.

20

Rumanian National Committee,
Suppression of Human Rights,
pp. 27, 36—7.

21

Deletant, pp. 68 fn. 32, 75—7.

22

Quoted by Rumanian National Committee,
Suppression of Human Rights
p. 40.

23

New York Times, 25
November 1946. For a brief description of the conditions in which the elections took place, see Hitchins, pp. 530—34.

24

The exact number of seats allocated in the 1946 parliament is disputed by both Romanian and other historians. For this reason I have given only the percentage of seats, which remains largely the same, rather than the number. See Hitchins, p. 534; Deletant, p. 78; Ionescu, p. 124; Betts, p. 13.

25

Deletant, p. 78; Tismaneanu, pp. 287—8 fn. 10.

26

Tismaneanu, p. 91; Fischer-Galati, p. 99; E. D. Tappe, ‘Roumania’, in Betts, p. 11.

27

Deletant, p. 79;
Le Figaro,
18 March 1948; Rumanian National Committee,
Suppression of Human Rights,
p. 54.

28

Ionescu, pp. 133—6; Rumanian National Committee,
Suppression of Human Rights,
pp. 77—81.

29

Deletant, p. 88;
Le Figaro
, 26/27 March 1949; Rumanian National Committee,
Suppression of Human Rights,
pp. 109 – 10; Tismaneanu, p. 91.

30

For detailed descriptions of the suppression of all three branches of the Christian church in Romania, see Rumanian National Committee,
Persecution of Religion
; and Deletant, pp. 88 – 113.

31

Ionescu, pp. 161 – 70.

32

Ibid., pp. 111 – 12; Tismaneanu, p. 108.

33

Rumanian National Committee,
Suppression of Human Rights,
p. 90; Deletant, p. 87.

34

These claims, reported in
Scînteia
on 7 December 1961, must be treated with some caution, because the figures were used as evidence to incriminate Dej’s former rivals Ana Pauker and Teohari Georgescu: see Ionescu, p. 201. A Securitate report from 1953 shows that in 1951 and 1952 alone, 34,738 peasants were arrested: see Deletant, p. 140.

35

Ionescu, p. 335; Deletant, p. 141.

CHAPTER 26 — THE SUBJUGATION OF EASTERN EUROPE

1

Quoted in Judt, p. 131.

2

Rákosi quoted in Kenez, p. 224.

3

In the end such military moves were not necessary; see Fowkes, p. 23.

4

See John Micgiel, ‘“Bandits and Reactionaries”: The Suppression of the Opposition in Poland, 1944 – 1946’, in Naimark and Gibianskii, pp. 93 – 104.

5

Jan Gross, ‘War as Revolution’, in Naimark and Gibianskii, p. 31.

6

Nagy, pp. 160 – 64; Kenez, pp. 61 – 6, 102.

7

Nagy, p. x.

8

Igor Lukes, ‘The Czech Road to Communism’, in Naimark and Gibianskii, p. 258.

9

Quoted in Upton, p. 258.

10

Crampton, pp. 309 – 11.

11

Novick, p. 75 fn. 38.

12

Tismaneanu, p. 87; Schöpflin, p. 65.

13

Kontler, p. 392. Schöpflin has figures of 2,000 Communist Party members in November 1944 rising to 884,000 in May 1948, p. 65.

14

Myant, pp. 106,222. Schöpflin has figures of 40,000 Communist Party members at the end of the war rising to 2.67 million by October 1948, p. 65.

15

Myant, p. 204.

16

For Romania, see Rumanian National Committee,
Suppression of Human Rights,
p. 28; Deletant, p. 58 fn. 10; Giurescu, pp. 34—5.

17

Myant, pp. 125 – 9.

18

Z. Vas, quoted by Bela Zhilitski, ‘Postwar Hungary 1944 – 1946’, in Naimark and Gibianskii, p. 78.

19

Masaryk’s death was probably suicide, but rumours persisted that foul play was involved; see Myant, p. 217; Judt, p. 139.

20

Fowkes, p. 28.

21

Crampton, p. 315; Tismaneanu, p. 288; Davies,
God’s Playground,
p. 426; Myant, p. 225; Kontler, p. 409.

22

Molnár, p. 303. I have revised Molnár’s estimate of a total population of 10 million downwards, in line with Maddison, pp. 96-7.

23

Correspondence between Dimitrov and Molotov in Dimitrov, diary entries for 15 – 29 March 1946, pp. 397—402.

24

Djilas,
Conversations with Stalin
, p. 105.

CHAPTER 27 – THE RESISTANCE OF THE ‘FOREST BROTHERS’

1

Statiev, p. 106.

2

Quoted by Laima Vinc
, afterword Lukša, p. 403.

3

Lionginas Baliukevi
ius quoted in Gaškait
-Žemaitien
, p. 44.

4

For numerous examples of partisan battles, see Lukša, pp. 103 – 24. A chronology is available at
www.spauda.lt/voruta/kronika/chronicz.htm
, accessed 17 October 2011.

5

For descriptions of the Battle of Kalnišk
s see Lukša, pp. 119 – 21; and
www.patriotai.lt/straipsnis/2009-05-22/jonas-neifalta-lakunas-1910-1945
, last viewed 17 October 2011.

6

For the higher estimates see Misiunas and Taagepera, p. 86; for the lower estimates see Strods, p. 150, and Mart Laar, ‘The Armed Resistance Movement in Estonia from 1944 to 1956’, in Anušauskas, p. 217.

7

Beria quoted in Starkauskas, p. 50.

8

Statiev, p. 247.

9

Eleonora Labanauskien
testimony in Laima Vinc
’s afterword to Lukša, p. 375.