Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II (89 page)

10

In July 1947, for example, the minister responsible for the secret police, Viktor Abakumov, quoted Stalin’s ‘directive’ on torture as justification for its use: see Statiev, pp. 32 – 3, 247-9, 291 – 2.

11

Statiev, pp. 107 – 8, 112 – 113.

12

Lukša, pp. 210 – 11, 226 – 30, 305, 331, 335.

13

Lukša, p. 335. For other examples of this see ibid., pp. 203, 225, 228, 230, 240, 273; Vardys and Sedaitis, p. 84; Gaškaite-Žemaitien
, p. 35; Statiev, p.108.

14

Statiev, p. 289; Starkauskas, p. 51.

15

Testimony of Private Strekalov, quoted in Starkauskas, pp. 50 – 51.

16

The existence of such groups is confirmed by both Western and Soviet sources: see Misiunas and Taagepera, p. 91; Gaškaite-Žemaitien
, p. 31.

17

Gaškaite-Žemaitien
, p. 32; Statiev, p. 237.

18

Starkauskas, p. 60.

19

Laar, pp. 117 – 19.

20

Lukša, p. 124.

21

Misiunas and Taagepera, p. 86.

22

Lukša, pp. 101-3, 147.

23

According to Alfred Käärmann, quoted in Laar, pp. 183 – 4.

24

Table adapted from Statiev, p. 125.

25

Ilse Iher, quoted in Laar, p. 98.

26

Memo from Beria to Stalin, quoted in Statiev, p. 132.

27

Statiev, pp. 132 – 4, 137 – 8; Misiunas and Taagepera, pp. 92 – 3.

28

Starkauskas, p. 58.

29

Statiev, pp. 101 – 2.

30

Gaškaite-Žemaitien
, p. 37.

31

Strods, pp. 154 – 5.

32

Misiunas and Taagepera, pp. 99, 102 – 3.

33

The partisans in all three countries knew this from the outset; see, for example, the programme of Relvastatud Võitluse Liit (‘Armed Combat Alliance’) quoted in Laar, p. 108.

34

Lukša, pp. 24 – 7.

35

Gaškaite-Žemaitien
, pp. 38, 42. Based on pre-1989 figures, Misiunas and Taagepera, rather more optimistically, estimate 5,000 still active in 1950, p. 357.

36

See Laima Vince’s afterword to Lukša, pp. 385 – 8.

37

The last major partisan leader, Adolfas Ramanauskas, was captured in 1956, and executed on 29 November 1957. See Gaškaite-Žemaitien
, p. 44.

38

Gaškait
-Žemaitien
, pp. 43 – 4.

39

See Laar, pp. 196 – 206.

40

See ‘Japan: The Last Last Soldier?’,
Time
magazine, 13 January 1975; and Ronald Fraser, In
Hiding: The Life of Manuel Cortés
(London: Allen Lane, 1972).

41

For the argument that resistance simply made the Soviet repression worse, see Alexander Statiev’s comparison of Lithuania and Belarus, pp. 117, 137 – 8.

42

Vardys and Sedaitis, p. 84.

43

Translated and updated as
Forest Brothers’
; see Bibliography.

44

Laar,
passim.

45

See
www.patriotai.lt/straipsnis/2009-05-22./jonas-neifalta-lakunas-1910-1945
.

CHAPTER 28 – THE COLD WAR MIRROR

1

Tassoula Vervenioti, ‘Left-Wing Women between Politics and Family’, in Mazower,
After the War Was Over,
pp. 109, 115.

2

Democratic Army of Greece radio proclamation to the Greek people, 24 December 1947, quoted in Clogg, p. 205; speech by Nicolae R
descu quoted by Deletant, p. 67; Giurescu, doc. 4, pp. 174 – 5.

3

Mao Zedong, 1 July 1949, quoted in Conrad Brandt, Benjamin Schwartz and John K. Fairbank,
A Documentary History of Chinese Communism
(London: Allen & Unwin, 1952), pp. 453 – 4.

4

McCarthy, p. 168.

CONCLUSION

1

Markov, p. 16.

2

The Economist
, 13 November 2010, p. 48.

3

Washington Post
, 1 January 2011; see also István Deák, ‘Hungary: The Threat’,
New York Review of Books
, vol. 58, no. 7 (April 2011), pp. 35 – 7.

4

Quoted ibid., pp. 35 – 7. Orgovány was the site of a massacre in 1919, when counter-revolutionary officers murdered suspected Communists and non-political Jews; Cohn-Bendit is a left-wing opponent of the Hungarian government.

5

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, pp. 9, 15, 167 – 70 (available on
http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/eumidis_mainreport_conference-edition_en_.pdf
, last viewed 12 October 2011).

6

Clay, p. 315.

7

Uehling, pp. 8-9.

8

Ibid., p. 10.

9

Quoted by Jedlicki, p. 230.

10

See Chapter 18, note 19, above.

11

Žerjavi
,
passim
; Jur
evi
, p. 6. See also Tomasevich, p. 761 and Chapter 12, above.