The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine (72 page)

BOOK: The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine
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9
.
Maude Page, Michel Doucet
et al.
, ‘Temporal Trends in Revascularisation and Outcomes After Acute Myocardial Infarction Among the Very Elderly',
Canadian Medical Association Journal
, 2010, Vol. 182, pp. 1415–20.

10
.
A. Melzer, ‘Endoscopic Instruments – Conventional and Intelligent',
Endosurgery
, eds. J. Tooli, D. Gosset and J. G. Hunter (Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone, 1997).

11
.
Office of Health Economics,
Compendium Health Statistics 20th Edition
(Office of Health Economics, 2010).

12
.
‘Dr Foster', ‘Trends in Day Surgery Rates',
BMJ
, 2005, Vol. 331,p. 803.

13
.
Edward Phillips, Morris Franklin
et al.
, ‘Laparoscopic Colectomy',
Annals of Surgery
, 1992, Vol. 216, pp. 703–05.

14
.
Anthony Senagore, Martin Luchtefeld
et al.
, ‘Open Colectomy Versus Laparoscopic Colectomy: Are There Differences',
American Surgeon
, 1993, Vol. 59, pp. 549–53.

15
.
L. Bardram, P. Funch-Jensen and H. Kehlet, ‘Rapid Rehabilitation in Elderly Patients After Laparoscopic Colonic Resection',
British Journal of Surgery
, 2000, Vol. 87, pp. 1540–5. See also L. Basse, D. H. Jakobsen
et al.
, ‘Functional Recovery After Open Versus Laparoscopic Colonic Resection: A Randomised, Blind Study',
Annals of Surgery
, 2005, Vol. 241, pp. 416–23.

16
.
D. G. Jayne, H. C. Thorpe, J. Copeland
et al
., ‘Five Year Follow-up of the Medical Research Council, CLASICC Trial of Laparoscopically Assisted Versus Open Surgery for Colo-Rectal Cancer',
British Journal of Surgery
, 2010, Vol. 97, pp. 1638–45.

17
.
Garth Ballantyne, Jacques Marescaux and Pier Giulianotti (eds),
Primer of Robotic and Telerobotic Surgery
(Philadelphia, PD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005).

18
.
George Tibault, ‘Too Old For What?',
NEJM
, 1993, Vol. 328, pp. 946–50.

19
.
Matthew Bacchetta, Wilson Ko
et al
., ‘Outcomes of Cardiac Surgery in Nonagenarians: A Ten-Year Experience',
Annals of Thoracic Surgery
, 2003, Vol. 75, pp. 1215–20. See also Padmini Varadarajan, Nikhil Kapoor and Ramesh Bansal, ‘Survival in Elderly Patients with a Severe Aortic Stenosis is Dramatically Improved by Aortic Valve Replacement'
, European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
, 2006, Vol. 30, pp. 722–27. See also J. Unsworth-White, ‘Cardiac Surgery for the Elderly: A Surgeon's Perspective',
Heart
, Vol. 82, p. 125.

20
.
Raymond Tesi
et al
., ‘Renal Transplantation in Older People',
The Lancet
, 1994, Vol. 343, pp. 461–4.

21
.
Stephen Preston, Ashley Southall, Mark Nel
et al
., ‘Geriatric Surgery is About Disease Not Age',
JRSM
, 2008, Vol. 101, pp. 409–15.

2: The New Genetics Triumphant – or Not
REFERENCES

1
.
Kevin Davies,
Cracking the Genome: Inside the Race to Unlock Human DNA
(Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press,
2001). See also John Sulston and Georgina Ferry,
The Common Thread: A History of Science, Politics, Ethics and the Human Genome
(Bantam Press, 2002); Nicholas Wade,
Life Script
(Simon & Schuster, 2001).

2
.
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, ‘Initial Sequencing and Analysis of the Human Genome',
Nature
, 2001, Vol. 409, pp. 890–921; J. Craig Venter, ‘The Sequence of the Human Genome',
Science
, 2001, Vol. 291, pp. 1304–49.

3
.
Francis Collins and Victor McKusick, ‘Implications of the Human Genome Project for Medical Science',
Chalmer
, 2001, Vol. 285, pp. 540–4.

4
.
J. Craig Venter, ‘Multiple Personal Genomes Await',
Nature
, 2010, Vol. 464, pp. 676–8.

5
.
‘Science in the Petabyte Era',
Nature
, 2008, Vol. 455, p. VII.

6
.
Francis Collins, ‘Has the Revolution Arrived?',
Nature
, 2010, Vol. 464, pp. 674–6.

7
.
Erika Check Hayden, ‘Life is Complicated',
Nature
, 2010, Vol. 464, pp. 664–7.

8
.
Phillip Ball, ‘Bursting the Genomics Bubble',
Nature
, 2010, doi: 10.1038/news.2010.155.

9
.
Editorial, ‘The Human Genome Project: Ten Years Later',
The Lancet
, 2010, Vol. 375, p. 2194.

10
.
Nicholas Wade, ‘A Decade Later, Genetic Map Yields Few New Cures',
New York Times
, Vol. 12, 2010.

11
.
Steve Jones, ‘One Gene Will Not Reveal All Life's Secrets',
Daily Telegraph
, 21 April 2009.

12
.
Brendan Maher, ‘The Case of the Missing Heritability',
Nature
, 2008, Vol. 456, pp. 18–21.

13
.
Peter Donnelly, ‘Progress and Challenges in Genome-Wide Association Studies in Humans',
Nature
, 2008, Vol. 456, pp. 728–34. See also Teri Manolio, ‘Genome Wide Association Studies and Assessment of the Risk of Disease',
NEJM
, 2010, Vol. 363, pp. 136–76.

14
.
Anne Bocock, ‘Guilt by Association',
Nature
, 2007, Vol. 447, pp. 645–9.

15
.
Teri Manolio, ‘Cohort Studies and the Genetics of Complex Disease',
Nature Genetics
, 2009, Vol. 41, pp. 5–10.

16
.
Jeffrey Barrett, Sarah Hansoul and Dan Nicolae, ‘Genome-Wide Association Defines more than Thirty Distinct Susceptibility Loci
for Crohns Disease',
Nature Genetics
, 2008, Vol. 40, pp. 955–61.

17
.
D. F. Gutbjartsson, G. B. Walters and G. Thorleifsson, ‘Many Sequence Variance Affecting Diversity of Adult Human Height',
Nature Genetics
, 2008, Vol. 40, pp. 609–15. See also Michael Weedon and Timothy Frayling, ‘Reaching New Heights: Insights into the Genetics of Human Stature',
Trends in Genetics
, pp. 695–700.

18
.
Steve Jones, ‘One Gene Will Not Reveal All Life's Secrets',
Daily Telegraph
, 21 April 2009.

19
.
Amy McGuire, Mildred Chow
et al
., ‘The Future of Personal Genomics',
Science
, 2007, Vol. 317, p. 1687.

20
.
Emmanouil Dermitzakis and Andrew Clark, ‘Life After GWA Studies',
Science
, 2009, Vol. 326, pp. 239–40.

21
.
Evelyn Fox Keller,
Making Sense of Life
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).

22
.
J. Riboul, P. Waglio, N. Tzellas
et al
., ‘The Gene Number Dilemma: Direct Evidence for at Least 19,000 Protein-encoding Genes in C. elegans, and Implications for the Human Genome',
Nature Genetics
, 2001, Vol. 27, p. 3.

23
.
Sean Carroll,
Endless Forms Most Beautiful
(Weidenfield and Nicolson, 2005).

24
.
James Le Fanu,
Why Us?: How Science Rediscovered the Mystery of Ourselves
(HarperCollins, 2009).

3. Big Pharma Rules
REFERENCES

1
.
Jerome Kassirer,
On the Take
(OUP, 2004); Melody Petersen,
Our Daily Meds: How the Pharmaceutical Companies Transformed Themselves into Slick Marketing Machines and Hooked the Nation on Prescription Drugs
(New York: Picador, 2008); John Abramson,
Overdosed America
(New York: Harper Perennial, 2008); Shannon Brownlee,
Overtreated: How Too Much Medicine is Making Us Sicker and Poorer
(Bloomsbury, 2008); Ray Moynihan and Alan Cassels,
Selling Sickness: How the World's Biggest Pharmaceutical Companies Are Turning Us All into Patients
(New York: Nation Books, 2005).

2
.
Marcia Angell,
The Truth about the Drug Companies
,
How They Deceive Us and What to Do About it
. (New York: Random House, 2004).

3
.
Ibid.

4
.
Ray Moynihan and Alan Cassells,
Selling Sickness
(New York: Nation Books, 2005).

5
.
Melody Petersen,
Our Daily Meds
(New York: Picadfor, 2008).

6
.
Vince Parry, ‘The Art of Branding a Condition',
Medical Marketing and Media
, 2003, Vol. 38, pp. 43–8.

7
.
Ray Moynihan, Iona Heath and David Henry, ‘Selling Sickness: The Pharmaceutical Industry and Disease Mongering',
BMJ
, 2002, Vol. 324, pp. 886–90.

8
.
Marcia Angell,
The Truth About the Drug Companies
(New York: Random House, 2004).

9
.
S. Heres
et al
., ‘Why Olanzapine Beats Risperidone, Risperidone Beats Quetiapine, and Quetiapine Beats Olanzapine',
American Journal of Psychiatry
, 2006, Vol. 163, pp. 185–294.

10
.
Marcia Angell, ‘Is Academic Medicine for Sale?',
NEJM
, 2000, Vol. 342, pp. 1516–18.

11
.
Martin Keller, James McCullough, Daniel Kline
et al
., ‘A Comparison of Nefazodone, the Cognitive Behavioural-Analysis System of Psychotherapy, and Their Combination for the Treatment of Chronic Depression',
NEJM
, 2000, Vol. 342, pp. 1462–71.

12
.
Thomas Bodenheimer, ‘Uneasy Alliance: Clinical Investigators in the Pharmaceutical Industry',
BMJ
, 2000, Vol. 342, pp. 1539–41.

13
.
Irvine Kirsch,
The Emperor's New Drugs
(Bodley Head, 2009).

14
.
William Appleton,
Prozac and the New Antidepressants
(New York: Penguin, 2000).

15
.
R. Kessler, K. McGonagle, S. Zhao
et al
., ‘Lifetime and Twelve Month Prevalence of DSM – III – R Psychiatric Disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbility Survey',
Archives of General Psychiatry
, 1994, Vol. 51, pp. 8–19.

16
.
Alisdair Santhouse, ‘The Person in the Patient',
BMJ
, 428:a2262.

17
.
Quoted in Jackie Law,
Big Pharma: How the World's Biggest Drug Companies Control Illness
(Constable, 2006).

18
.
Cheryll Barron, ‘Big Pharma Snared by Net',
Observer
, 26 September 2004.

19
.
Jackie Law,
Big Pharma: How the World's Biggest Drug Companies Control Illness
(Constable, 2006).

20
.
Irvine Kirsch, 2009,
The Emperor's New Drugs
(Bodley Head, 2009).

21
.
Dr Malcolm Kendrick,
The Great Cholesterol Con
(John Blake, 2007).

22
.
C. T. T. Collaborators, ‘Efficacy and Safety of Cholesterol-Lowering Treatment: Prospective Meta-Analysis of Data from 90,056 Participants by the Incidents of Fourteen Randomised Trials of Statins',
The Lancet
, 2005, Vol. 366, pp. 1267–72.

23
.
‘Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Programme',
JAMA
, 2001, Vol. 285, pp. 2486–97.

24
.
D. Ricks and R. Raben, ‘Cholesterol Guidelines, Drugs Panelist Links Under Fire',
Newsday
,15 July 2003.

25
.
J. Abramson and J. M. Wright, ‘Are Lipid Lowering Guide Lines Evidence-Based?',
The Lancet
, 2007, Vol. 369, pp. 168–9.

26
.
Uffe Rabnskov, Paul Rosch, Morley Sutter and Mark Houston, ‘Should We Lower Cholesterol as Much as Possible?',
BMJ
, 2006, Vol. 232, pp. 1330–2.

27
.
D. S. King, A. J. Wilburn, M. R. Wofford
et al
., ‘Cognitive Impairment Associated with Atorvastatin and Simvastatin',
Pharmacotherapy
, 2003, Vol. 23, pp. 1623–7.

28
.
L. R. Wagstaff, W. Mitton
et al
., ‘Statin-Associated Memory Loss: Analysis of Sixty Case Reports and Review of the Literature',
Pharmacotherapy
, 2003, Vol. 23, pp. 871–80.

29
.
Christopher Hudson, ‘The Wonder Drug That Stole My Memory',
Daily Telegraph
, 12th March 2009.

30
.
D. Gaist, U. Jeppesen, M. Andersen
et al
., ‘Statins and Risk of Polyneuropathy: A Case Controlled Study',
Neurology
, 2002, Vol. 58, pp. 123–7.

31
.
Julia Hippisley-Cox and Carol Coupland, ‘Unintended Effects of Statins in Men and Women in England and Wales',
BMJ
, 2010, Vol. 340, p. 1232.

32
.
Kausik Ray, S. R. K. Seshasai, Sephat Erqou
et al
., ‘Statins and All-Cause Mortality in High-Risk Primary Prevention',
Archives of Internal Medicine
, 2010, Vol. 170, pp. 1024–31.

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