The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine (74 page)

arthritis
121–2
,
127

see also
rheumatoid arthritis

arthroplasty
121–30

artificial ventilation
see
ventilation

aspirin
11
,
52
,
380

asthma
34
,
35
,
220
,
269
,
283

autoimmunity
498

Avastin
487
,
488

azathioprine
133
,
144
,
145
,
146
,
242

Bachetta, Matthew
451

bacteria

antibiotics
21–2
,
24

as cause of disease
205
,
407
,
411

chlamydia
381

competitive inhibition
50

genes
319
,
320

genetic engineering
325
,
326

helicobacter
202
,
210
,
211
,
212
,
411

soil
24
,
50

streptococcus
239
,
240

Bailar, John, III:
384

balloon catheters
445–6

Baltimore, David
320
,
321

Barnard, Christian
99–101
,
119

Bavister, Barry
188

Bayer
238

Beeson, Paul
234–5

Beg, Colin
177

Bell, John
312

Bell's palsy
412

bendrofluazide
242

benzodiazepines
504
,
510–11

Bernheim, Frederick
52

beta blockers
152–3

Beyer, Karl H.
152

‘Big Idea' (population strategy)
401
,
402

Big Pharma
466
,
493–4

Big Science
491
,
492–3

Binns, V. C.
127

biological therapies, cancer
487–8

biology of life
462–4

biotechnology
457

see also
genetic engineering

Bjork, Viking
119

Bjorneboe, Mogens
88

Black, Sir James
153
,
284
,
467

Blalock, Alfred
104
,
230

bleomycin
167

blockbuster drugs
284–5
,
467–71
,
485

blood pressure
147
,
150

see also
hypertension

Bodley-Scott, Sir Ronald
279

bone marrow
146

Boyer, Herbert
325
,
326
,
327
,
328
,
329

Bradford Hill, Sir Austin

career
42–4
,
46
,
69

causation
71–3

clinical trials
53
,
54
,
58
,
59
,
70–1

cohort studies
65–6
,
68–9

epidemiology
397

smoking and cancer
59
,
61
,
64
,
65

statistics
42
,
46
,
61
,
358
,
432

breast cancer
176
,
337
,
487

British Medical Association
352

British Medical Journal
302–3

Brock, Sir Russell
104

Brown, Lesley
181
,
199

Brown, Louise Joy
179
,
181
,
199

Brukhonenko, S. S.
109

Burnet, Sir MacFarlane
318

Bush, Vannevar
215
,
218

Bywaters, Eric
224–5
,
231

Cade, John
504–6

Calne, Roy
136
,
143–4
,
145

cancer

biological therapies
487–8

breast
176
,
337
,
487

and diet
383
,
385–8
,
397

genetic testing
336–7

keyhole surgery
449

lung
41
,
59
,
60
,
71
,
176

oncology
176–8

Social Theory
355
,
356
,
383–8

stomach
211

treatment
2
,
161

see also
anti-cancer drugs
;
leukaemia

Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center
168–9

cardiac surgery

closed-heart surgery
97

development
96
,
102–8

open-heart surgery
96–102
,
108–12
,
113–19
,
450–1

post-operative care
94

Carrel, Alexis
138

Carson, Rachel
389–90

case-control studies
62–5

Cassidy, Sir Maurice
361–2

Castell, Donald
468

cataracts
251

catheters
229–30
,
231
,
445–6

causation
71–3

cells
237
,
267–8
,
311

see also
genes

cerebral palsy
292
,
294
,
295

Chain, Ernst
17
,
18–19
,
21

Chamberlain, Austen
223

Chang, Judy
333

Chang, Min
184
,
188

Charlton, Bruce
491

Charnley, John
121
,
123–30

Charpentier, Paul
81

Chasis, Herbert
151

chemicals

in environment
390
,
392–4

new chemical entities (NCEs)
278–9
,
281

see also
drugs

chemistry
237–8
,
243

chemotherapy
see
anti-cancer drugs

childbirth
see
foetal monitoring

chlamydia
381

chlorambucil
164

chlorothiazide
151
,
152
,
155

chlorpromazine

Delay and Deniker
81
,
282

discovery
507
,
508

schizophrenia
76–8
,
81
,
282
,
504
,
510

workings of
74

cholera
204

cholesterol
156
,
482–3

drugs
374
,
376–9
,
480–4

heart disease
362–4
,
381
,
403

cholestyramine
377

Churchill, Edward
109
,
110

Churchill, Winston
241

cimetidine
208
,
210
,
284

cisplatin
168

Clareman, Gerald
512

Clark, David
75–6

Clark, Michael
291

Clegg, Hugh
40

Cleland, Bill
106
,
277

Clinical Research Centre (CRC)
304

clinical science

decline
300–6

Holman
228

new ideology
221
,
226
,
230
,
233

patients
232–3

clinical trials
471–3

anti-cancer drugs
169

cholesterol-lowering drugs
377
,
482

heart disease
370–2
,
401

principle
53–4

Randomised Controlled Trial
58
,
59
,
70–1

tuberculosis
53–6

Clinton, Bill
455

Clomiphene
200

closed-heart surgery
97

clots (thrombus)
361
,
367–8
,
370
,
379–81

cognitive therapy
504
,
513

Cohen, Stanley
326

cohort studies
66–9

Colebrook, Leonard
240

Collins, Francis
456
,
458

Collins, Rory
482

colon
449

colonoscopes
259

Comings, David
322

competitive inhibition
50
,
52
,
141
,
165
,
241–2

connective tissue disorders
498

Connolly, Cyril
57–8

contraceptive pill
189
,
190
,
191

Copenhagen polio epidemic
84–90

coronary angioplasty
444–7

coronary disease
see
heart disease

cortisone
27–39

benefits
34

discovery
27–33
,
266–7
,
497

inflammation
27
,
37
,
39
,
269–70

role of
219

side-effects
33–4

therapeutic potency
35–7

Upjohn
245
,
247

see also
steroids

coxsackie B
412

Crampton-Smith, A.
91

Craven, Harry
127–8

Creuzfeldt-Jakob disease
413

Crick, Francis
215
,
313
,
316
,
455

cross circulation, open-heart surgery
115–16

crush syndrome
224–5

curare
92

Curtiss, Larry
258

Cutler, Elliott
104
,
106

Cutshall, Cynthia
340
,
341

cyclophosphamide
159
,
164

cyclosporine
146

cystic fibrosis
316
,
334
,
335–6
,
342
,
343
,
348

cystoscopes
259–60

Dack, Gail
204

Dale, Sir Henry
40

Dameshek, William
142

dapsone
243

daunomycin
167

Davidson, Stanley
499

definitive moments
2
,
3
,
7
,
180
,
216–17
,
244

degenerative diseases of ageing
120
,
419
,
425–6
,
440

Delay, Jean
81
,
82
,
282
,
503

Deniker, Pierre
81
,
82
,
282
,
503

Denton, Michael
267–8

deoxyribose
313

depression, classification of
476–7
,
478