The Norman Conquest (66 page)

5
  OV, ii, 202–3 (cf. 196–7, a slightly less harsh verdict). The phrase ‘Norman yoke’, coined by Orderic, owes its modern fame to seventeenth-century polemicists. Barber, ‘Norman Conquest and the Media’, 11–15.

6
  R. Eales, ‘Royal Power and Castles in Norman England’,
The
Ideals and Practice of Medieval Knighthood III
, ed. C. Harper-Bill and R. Harvey (Woodbridge, 1990), 50–4; English, ‘Towns, Mottes and Ring-Works’, 45–61. It will be apparent from what follows that I do not agree with more recent, revisionist arguments. Cf. e.g. R. Liddiard,
Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500
(Macclesfield, 2005), 12–38.

7
  A. Williams, ‘A Bell-house and a Burh-geat: Lordly Residences in England before the Norman Conquest’,
Medieval Knighthood IV
(Woodbridge, 1992), 221–40.

8
 
ASC
E, 1051; OV, ii, 218–19.

9
 
ASC
E, 1051;
ASC
D, 1066.

10
   OV, ii, 202–3 (cf. WP, 182–3).

11
   JW, iii, 4–5 (cf. OV, ii, 194–5); S. Reynolds, ‘Eadric
Silvaticus
and the English Resistance’,
Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research,
54 (1981), 102–5.

12
   WP, 182–5; OV, ii, 204–7;
Carmen
, 30–3;
DNB
Eustace.

13
   SD,
History
, 143–4; Fletcher,
Bloodfeud
, 161, 169–71; Kapelle,
Norman Conquest of the North
, 106; WP, 162–3, 184–7.

14
   For this interpretation, see J. O. Prestwich,
The Place of War in English History, 1066–1214
(Woodbridge, 2004), 27–31.

15
   WM,
Gesta Regum
, 480–1, 570–1; Baxter,
Earls of Mercia
, 300;
DNB
Harold II.

16
   JW, iii, 6–7; WP, 182–3; OV, ii, 208–9.

17
   Ibid., ii, 212–13.

18
   Ibid.;JW, iii, 4–5.

19
   OV, ii, 212–13; WM,
Gesta Regum
, 462–3;
ASC
D, 1067; JW, iii, 6–7.

20
   OV, ii, 212–15;
ASC
D, 1067; Garnett,
Short Introduction
, 49–50; Williams,
English and the Norman Conquest
, 21.

21
  
Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis: The History of the Church of Abingdon,
ed. J. Hudson (2 vols., Oxford, 2002, 2007), i, 222–3.

22
   OV, ii, 210–11; J. F. A. Mason, ‘William the First and the Sussex Rapes’,
1066 Commemoration Lectures
(Historical Association, 1966), 37–58.

23
   WP, 162–3;
EHD
, ii, 430–1, 601–3; SD,
History
, 144.

24
  
RRAN
, 594–601 (no. 181); Baxter,
Earls of Mercia
, 272–3.

25
   Williams,
English and the Norman Conquest
, 12–13;
ASC
E, 1067; OV, ii, 222–3; WP, 164–5 (cf. OV, ii, 194–5).

26
   Gaimar,
Estoire
, 284–5; Kapelle,
Norman Conquest of the North
, 105, 109.

27
   OV, ii, 214–17; Baxter,
Earls of Mercia
, 284–6.

28
   OV, ii, 216–19;
ASC
D and E, 1067.

29
   WP, 162–3; OV, ii, 216–17;
ASC
D, 1067.

30
   Ibid.; OV, ii, 218–19.

31
   Ibid.;
ASC
D and E, 1067.

32
  
ASC
D, 1067; JW, iii, 6–9.

33
   OV, ii, 218–21; B. Golding,
Conquest and Colonisation: The Normans in Britain, 1066–1100
(2nd edn, Basingstoke, 2001), 72.

34
  
ASC
D, 1067; JW, iii, 6–9; OV, ii, 220–1;
RRAN
, 78.

35
   Kapelle,
Norman Conquest of the North
, 110–11.

36
   OV, ii, 220–3; Gaimar,
Estoire
, 294–5; SD,
History
, 136;
ASC
D and E, 1068.

37
   SD,
Libellus
, 182–5.

38
   OV.ii, 222–3.

39
   Ibid.;
ASC
D, 1068.

40
   OV, ii, 222–3; SD,
Libellus
, 184–5.

41
   OV, ii, 222–5;
ASC
D, 1068; JW, iii, 6–9;
GND
, ii, 180–3. Cf. Williams,
English and the Norman Conquest
, 35.

42
  
DNB
Gytha; OV, ii, 208–9, 224–7 (cf. WP, 126–7); above, 121.

43
   OV, ii, 224–7; Adam of Bremen,
History
, trans. Tschan, 108, 123; Barlow,
Confessor
, 58, 109, 138, 214.

44
  
ASC
D and E, 1069; OV, ii, 226–7.

45
   Ibid.; JW, iii, 8–9.

46
   Ibid., 8–11;
ASC
D, 1069.

47
   OV, ii, 228–31.

48
   Ibid, 230–1 (cf. 226–7).

49
   Below, 242–3; Kapelle,
Norman Conquest of the North
, 115–16;
ASC
D, 1069; JW, iii, 10–11.

50
   OV, ii, 230–1;
ASC
D, 1069; SD,
History
, 137.

51
   JW, iii, 10–11.

52
   OV, ii, 230–3.

53
   Below, 313–14.

54
   JW, iii, 10–11; SD,
History
, 137; Thomas of Marlborough,
History of the Abbey of Evesham
, ed. and trans. J. Sayers and L. Watkiss (Oxford, 2003), 166–7.

55
   OV, ii, 232–3.

CHAPTER 14

1
 
ASC
D, 1069; Hugh the Chanter,
The History of the Church of York, 1066–1127
(Oxford, 1990), 2–3; OV, ii, 232–3.

2
  Ibid.; SD,
History
, 138.

3
  OV, ii, 234–7; J. J. N. Palmer, ‘War and Domesday Waste’,
Armies, Chivalry and Warfare in Medieval Britain and France
, ed. M. Strickland (Stamford, 1998), 259–61.

4
 
ASC
D, 1070.

5
  OV, ii, 234–7.

6
  Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, 166–7; P Dalton,
Conquest, Anarchy and Lordship: Yorkshire, 1066–1154
(Cambridge, 1994), 65.

7
  JW, iii, 10– 11;
Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis
, ed. Hudson, i, 226–7; OV, ii, 236–7.

8
  Ibid.

9
  Ibid., iii, 254–7.

10
  
EHD
, ii, 606–7; H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘The Anglo-Norman
Laudes Regiae’, Viator
, 12 (1981), 59, n68.

11
  
EHD
, ii, 606–7; E. Searle,
Lordship and Community: Battle Abbey and its Banlieu, 1066–1538
(Toronto, 1974), 21 (also
Chronicle of Battle Abbey, 20–1)
, suggests that the abbey was not founded until the mid-1070s, but her argument draws on the discredited thesis of Morton, ‘Pope Alexander II’. Cf. Nelson, ‘Rites of the Conqueror’, 396―7, who argues for an earlier date.

12
  
EHD
, ii, 606–7; Cowdrey, ‘Anglo-Norman
Laudes Regiae
,’ 59, n68.

13
   On the basis of
ASC
E, 1069, it seems more likely that these two bishops were arrested and outlawed during that year rather than in 1070, as is commonly supposed. Cf. e.g.
Councils and Synods,
ii, 566.

14
   JW, iii, 10–13; WP, 146–7, 160–1.

15
  
Letters of Lanfranc
, 36–7, 62–3;
DNB
Æhelmaer; Baxter,
Earls of Mercia
, 292–3; JW, iii, 14–15.

16
   Above, 92; OV, iii, 236–7.

17
   JW, iii, 12–15;
The Heads of Religious Houses: England and Wales, 1, 940–1216
, ed. D. Knowles, C. N. L. Brooke and V. M. C. London (2nd edn, Cambridge, 2001), 24, 36, 66.The deposition of Ealdred of Abingdon is generally dated to 1071, on the basis of
Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis
, ed. Hudson, i, 224–9, but the sequence of events there is so confused that Ealdred could have been deposed at any point after 1068.

18
   F. Barlow,
The English Church, 1066–1154
(1979), 61–2; DNB Thomas of Bayeux;
DNB
Walcher. The surviving English bishops were Leofric of Exeter (d. 1072), Siward of Rochester (d. 1075) and Wulfstan of Worcester (d. 1095).

19
   Above 76, 144–5, 202.

20
   Matthew Paris,
Historia Anglorum
, ed. F. Madden (3 vols., Rolls Ser., 1866–9), i, 12–13;
RRAN
, 449–52 (no. 131). The controversy goes back to the late nineteenth century, so the literature is vast. See in particular J. H. Round, ‘The Introduction of Knight Service into England’, idem,
Feudal England
(new edn, 1964), 182–245; J. C. Holt, ‘The Introduction of Knight Service in England’, idem,
Colonial England
(1997), 41–58;]. Gillingham, ‘The Introduction of Knight Service into England’, idem,
English in the Twelfth Century
, 187–208.