The Norman Conquest (70 page)

3
  Carpenter,
Struggle for Mastery
, 128–38.

4
 
DNB
Edgar Ætheling; OV, v, 270–3; JW, iii, 46–7.

5
  D. Bates, ‘Normandy and England after 1066’,
EHR
, 104 (1989), 866–8; Bates,
Conqueror
, no (145/239 months = 60%); R. Bartlett,
England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225
(Oxford, 2000), 12.

6
  Van Houts, ‘Norman Conquest Through European Eyes’, 837–8.

7
 
ASC
E, 1107; WM,
Gesta Regum
, 414–15.

8
  Thomas,
English and the Normans
, 203–8; R. Huscroft,
The Norman Conquest: A New Introduction
(2009), 301.

9
  Rubenstein, ‘Liturgy Against History’, 282, 289; Garnett,
Short Introduction
, 12.

10
   L. Reilly, ‘The Emergence of Anglo-Norman Architecture: Durham Cathedral’,
ANS
, 19 (1997), 335–51. More generally, Fernie,
Architecture
, 34–41.

11
  
DNB
William of Malmesbury; HH, 4. Lanfranc described himself as a ‘novice Englishman’
(novus Anglicus)
as early as 1073, but was perhaps being ironic.

12
   H. M. Thomas, ‘The
Gesta Herwardi
, the English and their Conquerors’,
ANS
, 21 (1998), 213–32. Thomas cautiously dates the
Gesta
to 1109 x 1174, but others (e.g. Williams,
English and the Norman Conquest
, 49n) suggest 1109 x 1131.

13
  
DNB
William of Malmesbury; I. Short, ‘Patrons and Polyglots: French Literature in Twelfth-Century England’,
ANS
, 14 (1992), 229–30;
DNB
Gaimar.

14
   Carpenter,
Struggle for Mastery
, 7–8, 83; Lewis, ‘Domesday Jurors’,
passim;
C.-J. N. Bailey and K. Maroldt, ‘The French Lineage of English’,
Pidgins – Creoles – Languages in Contact
, ed. J. Meisel (Tübingen, 1977), 21–53. Cf. I. Singh,
The History of English: A Student’s Guide
(Oxford, 2005), 127–36.

15
   Williams,
English and the Norman Conquest
, 198–200;
Domesday Book
, ed. Williams and Martin, 1147; E. Searle, ‘Women and the Legitimization of Succession at the Norman Conquest’,
ANS
, 3 (1981), 159–71;
EHD
, ii, 176.

16
   E. Cownie. ‘The Normans as Patrons of English Religious Houses, 1066–1135’,
ANS
, 18 (1996), 47–62; B. Golding, ‘Anglo-Norman Knightly Burials’,
Medieval Knighthood I
(1986), 35–48.

17
   Crouch,
Normans
, 160;
Handbook of British Chronology
, ed. E. B. Fryde, D. E. Greenway, S. Porter and I. Roy (3rd edn, 1986), 235; WM,
Gesta Regum
, 8–9, 716–17.

18
  
ASC
E, 1137.

19
   I. Short, ‘
Tam Angli quam Franci:
Self-Definition in Anglo-Norman England’,
ANS
, 18 (1996), 172; Barlow,
Confessor
, 280–1;
VER,
xxxvii.

20
   Ashe,
Fiction and History
, 32–3.

21
   Bartlett,
England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings
, 12.

22
   Ashe,
Fiction and History
, 11–14, offers a good short summary. For more extensive treatments, see J. Hudson, The Formation of the English Common Law (1996) and P. Brand,
The Making of the Common Law
(1992).

23
   Short,
‘Tam Angli’
, 155–8;
EHD
, ii, 523.

24
   Ibid.; Carpenter,
Struggle for Mastery
, 6–7. The quote is from
Magna Vitae Sancti Hugonis
, ed. D. L. Douie and D. H. Farmer (2 vols., Oxford, 1961), ii, 113–14, where ‘timid’ is translated as ‘scrupulous’.

25
   Carpenter,
Struggle for Mastery
, 8; S. Reynolds,
Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe, 900–1300
(Oxford, 1997), 268.

26
   D. A. Carpenter, ‘King Henry III and Saint Edward the Confessor: The Origins of the Cult’,
EHR
, 122 (2007), 865–91; R. M. Wilson, ‘English and French in England, 1100–1300’,
History
, 28 (1943), 46, 56; Morris,
Great and Terrible King, passim
.

27
   Holt, ‘Colonial England’, 13; Williams,
English and the Norman Conquest
, 217–18.

Bibliography

(Unless otherwise indicated, the place of publication is London)

PRIMARY SOURCES

Adam of Bremen,
History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen,
trans. F. J. Tschan (Columbia, 2002).

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,
ed. G. N. Garmonsway (new edn, 1972).

‘The
Brevis Relatio de Guillelmo nobilissimo comite Normannorum’,
ed. E. van Houts, idem,
History and Family Traditions in England and the Continent, 1000–1200
(Aldershot, 1999).

The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio of Guy, Bishop of Amiens,
ed. F. Barlow (Oxford, 1999).

The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio of Guy, Bishop of Amiens,
ed. C. Morton and H. Muntz (Oxford, 1972).

The Chronicle of Battle Abbey,
ed. and trans. E. Searle (Oxford, 1980).

The Chronicle of John of Worcester,
ed. R. R. Darlington and P. McGurk, trans. J. Bray and P. McGurk (3 vols., Oxford, 1995, 1998, forthcoming).

Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II and Richard I,
ed. R. Howlett (4 vols., Rolls Ser., 1884–89).

Chroniques des Comtes d’Anjou et des Seigneurs d’Amboise,
ed. L. Halphen and R. Poupardin (Paris, 1913).

Domesday Book: A Complete Translation,
ed. A. Williams and G. H. Martin (2002).

Eadmer’s History of Recent Events in England,
ed. G. Bosanquet (1964).
The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis,
ed. M. Chibnall (6 vols., Oxford, 1968–80).

Encomium Emmae Reginae,
ed. A. Campbell and S. Keynes (Cambridge, 1998).

English Historical Documents, c.500―1042
(2nd edn, 1979).

English Historical Documents, 1042–1189,
ed. D. C. Douglas and G. W Greenaway (1953).

Geffrei Gaimar,
Estoire des Engleis,
ed. and trans. I. Short (Oxford, 2009).

Gerald of Wales,
The Journey through Wales and the Description of Wales,
trans. L. Thorpe (1978).

The Gesta Guillelmi of William of Poitiers,
ed. R. H. C. Davis and M. Chibnall (Oxford, 1998).

The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of jumièges, Orderic Vitalis
and Robert of Torigni,
ed. E. M. C. van Houts (2 vols., Oxford, 1992–5).

Henry of Huntingdon,
The History of the English People 1000―1154,
ed. and trans. D. Greenway (Oxford, 2002).

Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis: The History of the Church of Abingdon,
ed. J. Hudson (2 vols., Oxford, 2002, 2007).

The History of Gruffydd ap Cynan,
trans. A. Jones (Manchester, 1910).

Hugh the Chanter,
The History of the Church of York, 1066–1127
(Oxford, 1990).

The Letters and Poems of Fulbert of Chartres,
ed. F. Behrends (Oxford, 1976).

The Letters of Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury,
ed. and trans. V. H. Clover and M. T. Gibson (Oxford, 1979).

Liber Eliensis,
ed. E. O. Blake (Camden Soc, 3rd sen, 92, 1962).

Liber Eliensis: A History of the Isle of Ely,
trans. J. Fairweather (Woodbridge, 2005).

The Life of King Edward Who Rests at Westminster,
ed. F. Barlow (2nd edn, Oxford, 1992).

Magna Vitae Sancti Hugonis,
ed. D. L. Douie and D. H. Farmer (2 vols., Oxford, 1961).

Matthew Paris,
Historia Anglorum,
ed. F. Madden (3 vols., Rolls Ser., 1866–9).

Recueil des actes des ducs de Normandie de 911 à 1066,
ed. M. Fauroux (Caen, 1961).

Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum: The Acta of William I (1066–1087),
ed. D. Bates (Oxford, 1998).

The Register of Pope Gregory VII,
ed. H. E. Cowdrey (Oxford, 2002).

Rodulfus Glaber, Historiarum Libri Quinque,
ed. J. France, N. Bulst and P. Reynolds (2nd edn, Oxford, 1993).

Simeon of Durham,
History of the Kings of England,
trans. J. Stevenson (facsimile reprint, Lampeter, 1987).

Simeon of Durham,
Libellus de Exordio atque Procursu istius, hoc est
Dunhelmensis,
ed. D. Rollason (Oxford, 2000).

Snorri Sturluson,
King Harald’s Saga,
ed. M. Magnusson and H. Pálsson (1966).

Thomas of Marlborough,
History of the Abbey of Evesham,
ed. and trans. J. Sayers and L. Watkiss (Oxford, 2003).

‘La Vie de S. Edouard le Confesseur par Osbert de Clare’, ed. M. Bloch,
Analecta Bollandiana,
41 (1923).

The Waltham Chronicle,
ed. and trans. I. Watkiss and M. Chibnall (Oxford 1992).

William of Malmesbury,
Gesta Pontificum Anglorum,
I, ed. and trans. M. Winterbottom (Oxford, 2007).

William of Malmesbury,
Gesta Regum Anglorum,
I, ed. and trans. R. A. B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson and M. Winterbottom (Oxford, 1998).