The Norman Conquest (63 page)

15
   DNB Harold II;
VER
, 46–9.

16
   Baxter,
Earls of Mercia
, 43–5.

17
   Barlow,
Confessor
, 188–213, and Baxter, ‘Edward the Confessor’, 96, argue that it did. Cf. Mortimer, ‘Edward the Confessor’, 28–31.

18
   JW, ii, 502–3; cf. ASC D 1057. See also
DNB
Edward the Exile; S. Keynes, ‘The Crowland Psalter and the Sons of King Edmund Ironside’,
Bodleian Library Record
, 6 (1985), 359–70.

19
   JW, ii, 574–5. JW also implies Ealdred went on the king’s orders, but this seems to have been his default assumption: see Barlow,
Confessor
, 189.

20
  
VER
, 34–5; Barlow,
Confessor
, 201–3.

21
  
VER
, 48–51.

22
   S. Baxter, ‘MS C of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the Politics of Mid-Eleventh-Century England’,
EHR,
122 (2007), 1189–1227.

23
   K. L. Maund, ‘The Welsh Alliances of Earl Ælfgar of Mercia and his Family in the Mid-Eleventh Century’,
ANS
, 11 (1988), 181–90.

24
  
VER
, 36–7, 52–3, 82–3; P. Grierson, ‘A Visit of Earl Harold to Flanders in 1056’,
EHR
, 51 (1936), 90–7, but cf. Baxter, ‘Edward the Confessor’, 97.

25
   Ibid., 97–8. For conspiracy theories, see e.g. E. Mason,
The House of Godwine: The History of a Dynasty
(2004), 92; John, ‘Edward the Confessor’, 257.

26
  
DNB
Edgar Ætheling; Baxter, ‘Edward the Confessor’, 98–101.

27
   Ibid., 103–4;
VER
, 50–1.

28
   Baxter,
Earls of Mercia
, 128–38, revises Fleming,
Kings and Lords,
53–71;
DNB
Harold.

29
   Barlow,
English Church, 1000–1066
, 86–93, 304–5;
DNB
Stigand.

30
  
VER
, 54–5, 60–3.

31
   Baxter,
Earls of Mercia
, 48; idem, ‘Edward the Confessor’, Map 11.

32
  
ASC
D and E, 1063; JW, ii, 592–3; R. R. Davies,
The Age of Conquest: Wales, 1063–1415
(Oxford, 2000), 24, 26.

33
  
ASC
E, 1063; Gerald of Wales,
The Journey through Wales and the Description of Wales
, transl. L.Thorpe (1978), 266.

CHAPTER 7

1
  Douglas,
Conqueror
, 74;
GND
, ii, 152–3; OV, ii, 88–9;
VER
, 106–7.

2
 
Chroniques des Comtes d’Anjou et des Seigneurs d’Amboise
, ed. L. Halphen and R. Poupardin (Paris, 1913), 62.

3
  Bates,
Conqueror
, 38.

4
  Ibid., 39–41; Douglas,
Conqueror
, 59, 73, 173–4; WP, 58–61.

5
  Ibid., 60–9; OV, ii, 118–19, 312–13. For sceptical comment, see Douglas,
Conqueror
, 408–15.

6
  Bates,
Conqueror
, 54–6; idem,
Normandy
, 114, 247; WP, 84–5; Fernie,
Architecture
, 14, 98–102, accepts the suggestion of Maylis Baylé that St Stephen’s was begun after 1066, but this rests largely on an unconvincing argument from silence and ignores Torigni’s statement that Lanfranc was made abbot in 1063. See M. Baylé, ‘Les Ateliers de Sculpture de Saint-Etienne de Caen au II° et au 12° Sècles’,
ANS
, 10 (1988), 1–2. Cf.
Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II and Richard I
, ed. R. Howlett (4 vols., Rolls Series, 1884–9), iv, 34.

7
  Baxter, ‘Edward the Confessor’, 106, n143.

8
  WP, 68–9; WM,
Gesta Regum
, 416–17; Eadmer, 6–7.

9
  Ibid.;
GND
, ii, 160–1; OV, iv, 88–9; WP, 68–71.

10
   Ibid., 70–7. For the Brittany campaign, see K. S. B. Keats-Rohan, ‘William the Conqueror and the Breton Contingent in the Non-Norman Conquest, 1066–1086’,
ANS
, 13 (1991), 157–72.

11
   The notion that Harold was tricked into swearing on concealed relics was a later improvement: Wace, 154–5.

12
   OV, ii, 134–5, says the oath was sworn at Rouen before the Breton campaign. The Tapestry has it happen afterwards at Bayeux.

13
  
GND
, ii, 158–61.

14
   WP, 68–9; OV, ii, 134–5.

15
  
VER
, 50–3; 80–1; WM,
Gesta Regum
, 416–17.

16
   Eadmer, 6–7; WP, 68–9, 76–7; Barlow,
Confessor
, 301–6; K. E. Cutler, ‘The Godwinist Hostages: The Case for 1051’,
Annuale Mediaevale,
12 (1972), 70–7.

17
   WP, 70–1.

18
   Eadmer 6–7; Orderic Vitalis also believed that Harold agreed to marry William’s sister:
GND
, ii, 160–1.

19
   WP, 70–1; Eadmer, 7–8.

20
   Ibid., 5–7. For Eadmer’s outlook, see J. Rubenstein, ‘Liturgy Against History: The Competing Visions of Lanfranc and Eadmer of Canterbury’,
Speculum
, 74 (1999), 299–307.

21
   Baxter, ‘Edward the Confessor’, 106–7.

22
   Eadmer, 6.

23
   Ibid., 7–8; WP, 76–7.

24
   E.g. Ashe,
Fiction and History
, 39–41.

25
   Eadmer, 8.

CHAPTER 8

1
 
ASC
C and D, 1065.

2
  W E. Kapelle,
The Norman Conquest of the North
(1979), 9–13.

3
  N. J. Higham,
The Kingdom of Northumbria, AD 350–1100
(Stroud, 993), 194–202, 211–12.

4
  Kapelle,
Norman Conquest of the North
, 13–19.

5
  Ibid., 7, 12–13; R. Fletcher,
Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England
(2002), 31–3.

6
  Ibid., 73–5, 149, 205–6.

7
 
ASC
C, 1065;
VER
, 50–1; SD,
Libellus
, 170–3, 174–7, 180–1.

8
  JW, ii, 598–9; Kapelle,
Norman Conquest of the North
, 96–7.

9
 
VER
, 48–9, 76–9;
ASC
C, 1065.

10
  
VER
, 50–1.

11
   Kapelle,
Norman Conquest of the North
, 33–9, 46–7.

12
   Ibid., 90–2;
VER
, 66–7; SD,
History
, 127; Gaimar,
Estoire
, 276–7.

13
   Kapelle,
Norman Conquest of the North
, 34–44, 92–4.

14
   Ibid., 17, 25–6, 29, 43–4.

15
   Ibid., 94–5, 98.

16
   JW, ii, 596–9;
ASC
D, 1065.

17
  
VER
, 76–7.

18
   Ibid.; Baxter,
Earls of Mercia
, 48;
ASC
D, 1065.

19
  
VER
, 74–7; JW ii, 598–9.

20
  
ASC
D, 1065;
VER
, 78–9.

21
   Ibid., 78–81.

22
  
ASC
D, 1065.

23
   Ibid.; JW, ii, 598–9;
VER
, 80–3.

24
   Ibid., 110–13; Summerson, ‘Tudor Antiquaries’, 8–9, 21–2.

CHAPTER 9

1
 
Sources and Documents
, 17–18 (cf. WP, 2–3). For general comment, see A. Williams, ‘Some Notes and Considerations on Problems Connected with the English Royal Succession, 860―1066’,
ANS,
1 (1978), 144–67.

2
 
EER
, 6–7, 52–3. Cf. Garnett,
Short Introduction
, 32–3.

3
  Above, 31–4, 38, 41–2.

4
 
ASC
E, 1066; JW, ii, 600–1; Baxter, ‘Edward the Confessor’, 109–10.

5
 
VER
, 116–19.

6
  Ibid., 122–3.

7
  Ashe,
Fiction and History
, 44–5; Baxter, ‘Edward the Confessor’, 111–12.

8
 
ASC
C and D, 1065; WP, 118–19. Cf. Baxter, ‘Edward the Confessor’, 113.

9
  WP, 100–1; Barlow,
Confessor
, 244–5. In their present form the charters are twelfth-century forgeries, but their witness-lists look to have been copied from bona fide originals.