The Norman Conquest (62 page)

30
   P. Grierson, ‘The Relations Between England and Flanders Before the Norman Conquest’,
TRHS
, 4th ser., 23 (1941), 97–9.

31
  
VER
, 28–31; ASC C, D and E, 1051.

32
   E.g. Garnett,
Short Introduction
, 26–39. Garnett does admit (at 35) that his argument ‘has not found much favour’.

33
  
GND
, ii, 158–9; WP, 18–21;
ASC
C and E, 1051; F. Barlow,
The English Church, 1000–1066
(2nd edn, 1979) 298–300.

34
  
ASC
E, 1051;
VER
, 30–3.

35
   Barlow,
Confessor
, 307–8;
ASC
D and E, 1051.

36
   Ibid.;
VER
, 34–7.

37
   Ibid., 36–7;
ASC
E, 1051.

38
   E.g. Stafford, ‘Edith, Edward’s Wife’, 133–5.

39
   D. C. Douglas, ‘Edward the Confessor, Duke William of Normandy, and the English Succession’,
EHR
, 68 (1953), 526–34. Cf. Baxter, ‘Edward the Confessor’, 90–5

40
   Ibid.; John, ‘Edward the Confessor’, 253–5.

41
   Baxter, ‘Edward the Confessor’, 86, and Maps 4 and 5;
ASC
D, 1056.

42
  
ASC
D, 1051; Mortimer, ‘Edward the Confessor’, 27–8; Maddicott, ‘Edward the Confessor’s Return’, 653–6.

43
   Barlow,
Confessor
, 102;
ASC
C and E, 1050; C, 1051.

44
  
ASC
E, 1008;
EHD
, ii, 866; Lawson,
Battle of Hastings
, 154.

45
  
ASC
C, D and E, 1052;
VER
, 42–5.

CHAPTER 5

1
  WM,
Gesta Regum
, 430–1; WP, 20–1, 50–1.

2
  WP, 14–17, 20–3; Bates,
Normandy
, 255; Douglas,
Conqueror
, 58.

3
  Ibid., 58–9, 386–7.

4
  The events have proved notoriously difficult to date: see Douglas,
Conqueror
, 383–90; Bates,
Normandy
, 255–7; Baxter, ‘Edward the Confessor’, 90–1.

5
 
GND
, ii, 122–5; WP, 22–9.

6
  Bates,
Conqueror
, 35; WP, 18–19.

7
  Douglas,
Conqueror
, 40–1; WP, 32–5.

8
  Ibid., 34–9.

9
 
GND
, ii, 102–5; WP, 39–43.

10
   Ibid., 43–7.

11
   Ibid., 46–9.

12
   Ibid.; J. Gillingham, ‘William the Bastard at War’,
The Battle of Hastings: Sources and Interpretations
, ed. S. Morillo (Woodbridge, 1996), 99–107.

13
   Ibid., 107;
GND
, ii, 142–5; WP, 48–51.

14
   Ibid., 50–1.

15
  
GND
, ii, 104–5 (cf. WP, 42–3); Douglas,
Conqueror
, 69, 83–104 (esp. 92, 99–100, 103).

16
   OV, iv, 84–5;
GND
, ii, 130-1, 142–3.

17
   Douglas,
Conqueror
, 69; WP, 86–9; Bates,
Normandy
, 209.

18
   Douglas,
Conqueror
, 105–6; J. Le Patourel, ‘Geoffrey of Montbray, Bishop of Coutances, 1049―93’, 59 (1944), 134―5.

19
   Douglas,
Conqueror
, 108–9; Bates,
Normandy
, 193–4.

20
   Ibid., 196–7, 221; Potts,
Monastic Revival
, 32–3, 106–11, 121.

21
   Douglas,
Conqueror
, 115–16;
Sources and Documents
, 41–4.

22
  
DNB
Lanfranc; Vaughn, ‘Lanfranc at Bec’, 136–9.

23
   Ibid., 139–43;
Sources and Documents
, 25 (cf. WP, 84–5).

24
  
GND
, ii, 130–43; OV, ii, 10–11; Potts,
Monastic Revival
, 105, 112–13.

25
   Bates,
Normandy
, 115–16, 222; OV, ii, 10–11;
GND
, ii, 130–1.

26
   In general, see R. Stalley,
Early Medieval Architecture
(Oxford, 1999), esp. Ch. 9; Fernie,
Architecture
, 3–14.

27
   Little remains of these buildings apart from the crypts of Rouen and Bayeux. Brown,
Normans and the Norman Conquest
, 25–6.

28
   Bates,
Normandy
, 202, 210.

29
   OV, iii, 120–3.

30
   Holland,
Millennium
, 264–7.

31
  
GND
, ii, 113–19; Le Patourel, ‘Geoffrey of Montbray’, 133–4; D. Bates, ‘The Character and Career of Odo, Bishop of Bayeux (1049/50–1097)’,
Speculum
, 50 (1975), 2–3.

32
  
GND
, ii, 118–19; Le Patourel, ‘Geoffrey of Montbray’, 135–7; Vaughn, ‘Lanfranc at Bec’, 145–7; below, 112

33
   WP, 82–3; Bates,
Normandy
, 201.

34
   Douglas,
Conqueror
, 121; WP, 88–9.

35
   Ibid., 50–5.

36
   Douglas,
Conqueror
, 72;
GND
, ii, 126–9.

37
   WP, 54–5; Douglas,
Conqueror
, 72–3 (cf. Bates,
Conqueror
, 38); Gillingham, ‘William the Bastard’, 108–9.

38
   Ibid., 107; WP, 54–7;
GND
, ii, 150–3.

CHAPTER 6

1
 
VER
, 44–5; JW, ii, 570–3;
ASC
D, 1052; Baxter, ‘Edward the Confessor’, Map 6.

2
 
VER
, 62–3, 92–127; above, 64

3
  Ibid., 66–71; Fernie,
Architecture
, 96–8; idem, ‘Edward the Confessor’s Westminster Abbey’,
Edward the Confessor
, ed. Mortimer, 139–50, and also the articles there by Gem and Rodwell. For the state of the abbey in 1066, see Summerson, ‘Tudor Antiquaries’, 164, 177.

4
 
VER
, 66–9. The current occupants of the Palace of Westminster seem certain that it was established by Cnut (see
www.parliament.uk
, Factsheet GII), a conclusion tentatively endorsed by E. Mason,
Westminster Abbey and its People, c. 1050 to c. 1216
(Woodbridge, 1996), 11–12. The evidence discussed there, however, seems scanty, amounting to a line of dubious worth in the
Carmen
and some speculation about the significance of the earlier burial at Westminster of Harold Harefoot. Most academics adhere to the traditional belief that the palace, like the abbey, was the work of the Confessor. See, for instance,
The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
, ed. M. Lapidge et al. (Oxford, 1999), 471;
Carmen
, 40.

5
  E.g. Baxter, ‘Edward the Confessor’, 95. For debate about the date of the
Life
, see Stafford,
Queen Emma
, 40–8;
VER
, xxviii–xxxiii.

6
  Above, 64; Mortimer, ‘Edward the Confessor’, 31–2.

7
  Ibid., 31–4; above, 21;
ASC
D, 1065; van Houts, ‘Edward and Normandy’, 71–5; Barlow,
Confessor
, 50.

8
  Cf. Barlow,
English Church, 1000–1066
, 85–6, who cautions against assuming Robert was a reformer, and then assumes precisely the opposite.

9
  S. Keynes, ‘Giso, Bishop of Wells (1061–88)’,
ANS
, 19 (1996), 205–13; Hare, ‘Cnut and Lotharingia’,
passim
. Although Cnut also had links with Lorraine and appointed one Lotharingian bishop, it does not follow that Edward was merely continuing earlier policy: William of Normandy, after all, appointed a Lotharingian, Mauritius, to be archbishop of Rouen. Moreover, since both Hermann and Leofric are known to have crossed with Edward in 1041, it is difficult to see how their appointment can be construed as a native attempt, spearheaded by the Godwines, to thwart the promotion of Normans.

10
   Barlow,
English Church, 1000–1066,
82–4, 301–2;
DNB
Leofric;
DNB
Hermann.

11
   Barlow,
English Church, 1000–1066
, 86.
VER
, 30–1; WM,
Gesta Pontificum
, 286–9.

12
   DNB Stigand;
VER
, 36–7.

13
  
DNB
Stigand; WM,
Gesta Pontificum
, 46–7.

14
  
ASC
C, 1053; WM,
Gesta Regum
, 354–5.