The New Penguin History of the World (225 page)

(iv) millet,
31
,
58
; in China,
135
; in Africa,
150

(v) rice,
31
,
1005
; in India,
122
,
126
,
423
; in Africa,
150
; in China,
122
,
134
,
453
,
457
; in Italy,
554
; in Caribbean,
647
; in Japan
845

(vi) sesame,
58

(vii) wheat,
58
,
168
; international trade in,
671

Cetewayo (d. 1884), Zulu chieftain,
811

Ceylon

British in,
641

Dutch in,
641

independent,
987

Chadwick, Sir James (1891–1974), British physicist,
1013

Chalcolithic,
29

Chaldees

Chaldeans,
63
,
115
,
116

see also
Ur

Champlain, Samuel de (1567–1635), French explorer,
650

Chandra Gupta, first Gupta emperor of India (4th cent.),
429

Chandragupta, Maurya ruler of India (
c.
321–296
BC
),
423
–4

Ch’and-an, T’ang capital,
455
–6

chariot

in Egypt,
83

development of,
90

used by Achaeans,
100

value to Hittites,
107

used by Aryans,
124

used by Chinese,
135
,
142

Charlemagne (742–814), king of Franks and emperor (800–814),
341

against Vikings,
397
,
408

Christian empire-builder,
397

cultural interests,
399
–400

dominated Church,
398
–9,
412

personality of,
400

Charles Martel (
c.
689–741), Christian warrior,
396
,
411

Charles the Bald (823–77), king of W. Franks,
401
,
408

Charles III (832–88), king of W. Franks (885–7),
401
–2

Charles I and V (1500–1558), king of Spain (1516–56), Holy Roman emperor (1519–46),
583
,
603
,
634

and Luther,
577

dynastic aims of,
600
–1

Charles I (1600–1649), king of England and Scotland (1625–49),
387
,
589

Charles II (1630–85), king of England and Scotland (1660–85),
588
,
590
,
637
,
661

Charles X (1757–1836), king of France (1824–30),
748
–9

Chartism, British radical movement,
785

Chaucer, Geoffrey (
c.
1340–1400)

English poet,
505
,
538

Canterbury Tales
,
541

Chavez, Hugo (1954–), Venezuelan president,
1091

Chavin culture in Peru,
153

Chechnya,
1165
,
1166

chemistry

early progress in,
682
–3

chemical industry,
864

industrial applications,
880

agriculture and,
1005

Cheng Ho, (
c.
1371–1435), Chinese admiral,
460

Ch’en Tu-hsui (1879–1942), Chinese revolutionary,
917
–18,
922

Cheops, pyramid of,
73

Chernobyl, disaster at,
1024

Chaing K’ai-shek (1887–1975), Chinese statesman

in Moscow,
924

KMT leader,
926
,
928
–9,
985

USA and,
930

children

allowances for,
704

labour exploited,
716

marriage of,
850

Chile

Europeans in,
643

natural resources of,
803
–4

military coup in,
1089

and Falklands War,
1111

China

earliest civilization,
42
,
43
,
120

rice in,
122
,
134

continuity of civilization,
132

(i) ancient,
132
–47; topography of,
132
–4; origins of civilization,
133
–4; growth under Shang and Chou,;
135
–43; period of the Warring States,
137
–8,
142
,
143
,
445
; ancestor worship,
139
; social distinctions in,
138
–9,
142
–3; writing,
140
–1; growth of cities,
141
–2; thought,
143
–7; art,
146
,
147
; Huns and,
322
–3; Mongol period,
377
–8,
380
,
381
–2; continuity of tradition,
446

(ii) classical
444
–65; Ch’in unification,
445
–6; Han unity,
446
–7; state and kingship under T’ang,
447
–8; centralized bureaucracy based on examinations,
448
–51,
454
,
459
; Confucian values dominant,
449
–52,
454
; pressure on peasants,
452
; classical arts,
455
–7,
463
–4; fails to exploit technical ingenuity;
458
,
464
; European presence,
458
,
461
,
632
,
633
,
634
; Mongols reluctantly assimilated,
458
–9

(iii) Manchu empire,
461
–5; Japanese cultural dependence,
467
,
470
; cultural impact on West,
667
,
690
; in world trade,
795
,
820
; attitudes to foreigners,
831
–2,
833
–5,
837
,
838
; traditional framework threatened,
831
,
916
–19; early revolutionary movements;
833
–40; Revolution,
916
–27,
840
–1,
1053
–4; Japan and,
846
–8,
918
–19,
927
–8,
929
,
930

(iv) Republic: European imperialism and,
857
,
915
; nationalism,
917
,
926
–7; Marxist communism,
920
–6,
930
,
984
–5; UNO and,
968
; Russia and,
971
,
974
; KMT collapse,
983
–5

(v) People’s Republic,
985
; population policy,
996
,
998
,
1058
; Korean war and,
1044
,
1053
; balance of power and,
1047
; foreign policies,
1050
,
1051
,
1061
–2,
1065
,
1159
–60; relations with India,
1050
,
1051
; domination of E. Asia,
1053
; economy,
1054
,
1059
,
1114
–15,
1147
,
1159
; relations with US,
1053
–4,
1101
–2,
1112
,
1168
–9; relations with USSR,
1054
,
1055
–7,
1112
; Maoism,
1057
–8; nuclear weapons,
1058
; government after Mao,
1114
–15,
1146
–9,
1157
; relations with Japan,
1118
; Tiananmen Square,
1148
–9; social attitudes,
1149
; and Taiwan,
1160
,
1168
; and Kosovan crisis,
1171
–2; exemption from Kyoto agreement,
1026
; foreign policy,
1159
–60; relations with US,
1054
–5,
1103
–4,
1113
–14,
1160
,
1171
–2; and Second gulf War,
1176
; and Taiwan,
1160
;
see also
Mao

Ch’in dynasty in China,
445
–6,
448
,
452

Ch’ing dynasty n China
see
Manchu

Chinghis Khan (1162–1227), Mongol conqueror and emperor (1206–27),
381
,
454

Chosroes I, Sassanid king of Persia (531–79),
319
–20,
398

Chosroes II, Sassanid king of Persia (590–628),
320

Chou culture in China,
136
–43,
448

Christ
see
Jesus

Christianity

Hebrew influence on,
114
,
264
,
266

Zoroastrian influence on,
164
,
257

in Mediterranean,
167

soul–body schism,
204

impact on Europe,
260

origin and spread,
265
–71

Roman response,
270
–3

maintenance of doctrine,
272
–4

takes root in Europe despite persecution,
283
–6

officially established by Constantine,
286
–9

success against Julian,
295

shaped by Augustine,
297
–300

temper,
297

doctrinal divergences,
309

assimilated pagan practices,
314

in Persia,
318
–19

Islam and,
328
,
343

in Russia,
367
–8

in Japan,
472
,
474

in Africa,
478
–9

European mainspring,
490
–1

aggressiveness in Medieval Europe,
524
–8

Protestant Reformation,
574
–81

Counter-Reformation,
581
–4

and spread of European values,
792
–3

declining political force,
874
–5

ecumenism,
1031

see also
Jesus; missionary activity; Orthodox Church; Roman Catholic Church

Christian kingdoms,
408
–9

Ch’u culture, China,
138

Chu Yüan-chang (1328–98), first Ming emperor of China (1368–98),
460

Church and intellectual activity

educational dominance,
415
–16,
536

belief in Creator,
683

Church conservatism,
683
–6

‘enlightened’ revolt,
687
–9,
692
–3

Church and state

distinction foreshadowed,
289
,
296

in Byzantium,
346
–7

under Charlemagne,
398
–9,
412

under Otto,
403

medieval tensions,
490
–5,
497
–8

lay authority in England,
579
–80

unity in Spain,
582
–3

in Habsburg lands,
595

in Russia,
616

state support for Church,
675

Church conservatism,
692

in France,
736
,
739

in S. America,
803

Churchill, Winston Spencer (1874–1965), British statesman

leader in war,
959
,
960
,
963
,
967

UNO and,
968

Greece and,
974

‘Iron Curtain’ speech,
975
,
1044

Cicero, M. Tullius (106–43
BC
), Roman orator,
254
–5,
297

Cilicia,
116
,
239
,
285

cinema, for propaganda,
895

Cistercian monastic order,
491
–2

cities

development of,
44
,
51
,
93

growth in China,
141
–2

transmit Hellenistic culture,
218
–19

outside feudal structure,
520
–1

industrial centres,
712
–14

social effects of,
713
–14,
864

bombing of,
963
,
965

20th century growth,
1024

‘ghettos’ in,
1100
,
1179

see also
urbanization