The Modern Middle East (118 page)

Velvet Revolutions, Europe,
405

Venice, Ottomans and,
23
,
24

Vietnam: revolution,
140
; War,
137
,
184

villages,
11–13
,
33
,
63

violence,
406
; Arab Revolt (1936–39),
88
; by colonizers,
48
,
102–4
; Egyptian internal,
134
,
222
,
369
; exclusionary states,
222
; executions,
206
,
369
; Iranian internal,
155–67
,
176
,
286
; Iran-Iraq War bloody fights,
178
,
179
,
282
; Iraqi Baʿth party/RCC/Saddam,
174–75
,
184
,
188
; Islamic fundamentalist,
194–96
,
260–62
; Israeli-Palestinian conflict,
79–80
,
83
,
135–38
,
193
,
312–21
,
323
,
334–40
,
450–54
; with Kurds,
3
,
188
,
244–45
; Maghrebi independence,
100
,
102–4
; Nasser’s Egypt,
95
; Sadat assassination (1981),
134
,
228
; Tunisia (1990s),
222
; after U.S. invasion of Iraq,
206
.
See also
airline violence; bombings; coups; human rights abuses;
intifadas;
massacres; repression, state; riots; terrorism; wars; weapons of mass destruction

Vitalis, Robert,
416n83

Von Grunebaum, G.E.,
20

voting: exit from politics and,
280
; rights,
94
fig,
147
,
240
,
245–46
.
See also
elections

al-Waʾad/Democratic Unionist Party, Jordan,
251–53

Wafd Party, Egypt,
91
,
251

Wahhab, Muhammad ibn Abdel,
62

Wahhabis,
62–63

Wahid, Abdurrahman (1941–2009),
258

Wailing Wall, Jerusalem,
319
,
333

Waqf
land,
256
,
333

wars,
4
,
213–48
; Afghanistan,
159
,
170
,
196–207
,
336
,
342
,
404
; British-Ottoman battle of Gallipoli,
37
; Cold War,
110–11
,
146
,
170
,
193
,
197
,
207
; democracy and,
213
; French-Algerian,
103–4
; independence,
38
; international human rights agreements,
318
; Iran-Russia (1804–5 and 1828),
30
; Islamic expansion after Prophet’s death,
17–18
;
jihad,
39
,
260
,
315
,
441–42n114
; Muslims vs. Meccans,
17
; Rif,
48
; U.S. war on terrorism,
190
,
195
,
200–203
,
336
; Vietnam,
137
,
184
; water,
404
.
See also
Arab-Israeli wars; casualties; civil wars; Great War (1914–18); Gulf Wars; revolutions; Second World War (1939–45); weapons of mass destruction

water: cooperative tradition over,
404
; irrigation,
12
,
33
,
400
; Israel and Occupied Territories,
117
,
319
,
334
,
402
,
403
; pollution,
397
,
400–401
; rainfall,
400
,
401
; scarcity,
388
,
400–405
,
401
table;
sources,
400–404
; Syria,
117
,
402
,
403
.
See also
canals; rivers

Waterbury, John,
349
,
461n62

weapons of mass destruction: Iraq and,
171
,
180–81
,
185
,
188–89
,
203
,
204
.
See also
nuclear program

Weber, Max,
220
,
232

Weizman, Ezer,
326

Weizmann, Chaim,
43
,
73

welfare, social programs,
231
,
265–66
,
271
,
362–63
,
383

West: and democracy,
240–41
,
242
; globalization and,
382
; Iranian middle-class fascination with,
152
; Iran’s Khatami and,
164–65
; Khomeini exile in,
153
; Nasser’s stance,
95–96
,
97–98
; nature of nationalism in,
85
; oil embargo against,
136–37
; Persian Gulf policies,
170
; pro-Western exclusionary states,
219
; and Suez Canal,
36–38
,
39
,
46–47
,
110
,
413n28
; and Third World economic underdevelopment,
347
; and
ulama
vs. state,
256
.
See also
Europe; United States; wars

West Bank,
84
; Camp David Accords and,
327
,
333–34
; divorce from Gaza Strip,
339
; economic and cultural
divisions,
308
; economic strangulation,
321–23
,
332
; Hebron,
321
,
322
fig;
house demolitions,
123
,
317–19
,
418n35
,
453n64
; human rights abuses by Israelis,
452n54
;
intifada,
86
,
311
,
314
; Islam increasing in,
314
; Israeli occupation,
123
,
128
,
135–36
,
311
,
314
,
319–22
,
332
,
333
; Jordan and,
126
,
136
,
235
,
326
,
455n87
; Oslo Accords/Rabin-PLO negotiation over (1993),
135
,
328–29
; Palestinian depopulation,
317–19
; Palestinian population,
107
,
123
,
309
; poverty,
322–23
; refugee camps,
309
,
317
,
450n39
; road building and,
320
; Sadat initiative and,
326
; security fence,
337–38
; settlements,
342
; Six-Day War,
119
,
121
,
123
,
126
; universities,
311
; water,
334
,
402

Weststruckness/Gharbzadegi
(Al-e Ahmad),
151

Westphalian sovereignty,
86–87
,
417n10

Wheatcroft, Andrew,
24

White Revolution (Inqilab-e Sefeed)/Revolution of the Shah and the People (1963), Iran,
146–48
,
152

Wilson, Woodrow,
42
,
44
,
100

Wingate, Orde,
79–80

Wolfowitz, Paul,
204

women: Algeria (1880s),
49
fig;
and birth control,
389–93
; environmental awareness (UAE),
399
; “family protection” laws,
256
; fertility rates,
389
,
392
table,
394–96
,
425n3
; harem,
26
fig;
Iran,
60
,
161
,
163
,
165
,
284
; Iraqi wartime,
72
fig,
175
fig,
187
fig,
207
fig,
208
fig;
Islamic dress code,
54
,
60
,
161
,
414n47
; Israeli Haganah,
79
fig;
Palestinian wartime,
312
,
336
fig,
340
fig;
rights,
94
fig,
147
,
240
,
256
,
284
,
387–88
; Tunisian modernism and,
105

World Bank: cars per individual,
398
table;
CO
₂
emissions,
398
table;
employment opportunities,
355
; FDI,
376
table;
GDP,
353–54
tables;
infrastructure investments,
357
; loans,
243
,
356
,
361
; population data,
388
,
390–91
table,
392
,
392
table,
395
table;
poverty in Occupied Territories,
322–23
,
454n72
; state-owned manufacturing,
351
; trade indicators,
378
table

World War I.
See
Great War (1914–18)

World War II.
See
Second World War (1939–45)

World Zionist Organization,
75
; Revisionists,
80

writers: Palestinian,
87
; poetry,
1
,
56
,
257
,
414n56
.
See also
literature; newspapers

Wye River Memorandum,
331

Yarmuk River, Syrian development projects,
403

Yathrib, Prophet Muhammad,
11
,
15
,
409n21

Yemen: Arab Republic,
114–16
; Arab Spring and uprisings (2011),
291
,
294
,
296
; and Camp David Accord (1978),
455n83
; civil wars,
109
,
114–16
,
294
; and democracy,
271
; Iriani,
422n22
; Islah (Reform) Party,
251
; Nasser’s Egypt and,
98
,
108
,
109
,
114–17
,
123
,
137
; National Liberation Front,
114
; oil workers from,
360
,
369
; Pan-Arabism,
98
,
108
; People’s Democratic Republic of,
114
; praetorian dictatorship,
214
; republicanism,
114–16
; revolutions,
115
,
294
,
296
; Saladin,
21
; Salal,
422n22
; Saleh regime,
290
,
296
; Sanaa,
12
; urban populations,
12
; USS
Cole
bombing (2000),
195
,
200
; youth population,
266

Yezid III (r. 744),
19

Yom Kippur, 1973 war,
129
,
131
,
423n55

Yona, Emma Zvi,
300
fig

Young Egypt Society,
91

Young Ottomans,
27

Young Turks,
27–28
,
51–54
,
284
,
411n61

youth: Afghan Mujahedeen,
199
; employment,
266
,
291
,
298
,
323
,
355
,
393
;
intifada,
323
; Iran,
151
,
156
,
165
,
167
,
176
; Islamist,
255
,
257
; marriage in,
389
; Nasserism,
90
,
91
,
92
,
109
,
137
; Palestinian,
82
,
123–24
,
310
,
311
,
323
,
335
,
450n39
; population,
266
,
393
; statism and,
349
; Syria,
109
; ties between,
366
; Tunisia,
104–5
; Zionists immigrating to Promised Land,
76
.
See also
children

YouTube, protests,
291

Zahedi, Fazlollah,
145

Zaire, Mabuto,
217

al-Zarqawi, Abu Musab,
206

Zeroul, Liamine,
220

Zia-alddin Tabatabai, Sayyid,
32–33
,
56

Zionists,
51
,
70
,
73–84
,
98
,
106–7
,
299
; aim,
75
; Balfour Declaration and,
42
,
43
,
44
; Eretz Israel,
74
,
301
; and
haskala,
74
,
417n14
; Herzl,
73–75
,
78–79
,
416n6
; Labor Zionism,
303
; military,
75–76
,
79–80
,
79
fig,
82–83
,
88
; Palestinian phases of nationalism and,
85
,
87–88
; Partition Plan,
418n37
; religious,
301–12
; Rothschilds,
42
,
43
,
76
; secular,
301–12
; statelike institutions,
75
,
418n21
; Sykes and,
43
,
412n19
.
See also
Ben-Gurion, David; Israel; Palestinian-Israeli conflict