The Modern Middle East (110 page)

Nateq-Nuri, Ali Akbar,
164

National Assembly: Iraq,
184
,
224
; Kuwait,
233

national charters,
281–82
; Algeria,
281–82
; Jordan,
281
; Lebanon,
230
,
248
,
288
; Morocco,
281
; Palestinian,
449n30
; Tunisia,
281

National Democratic Party, Egypt,
134
,
271

National Entente, Morocco,
251

National Front: Iran,
150
,
151
,
153
,
157
; Palestine,
136
.
See also
National Liberation Front

national identities: conspiracy theories and,
275
; institutions and,
308
,
313–15
; Israeli,
106
,
302–7
,
317
,
448–49n15
; Palestinian,
66
,
85
,
86
table,
87
,
316–17
,
449n30
.
See also
ethnicity; nationalism

national interest,
190–91
,
254
,
273–75

National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC),
144

nationalism,
2
,
8
,
65
,
68–107
,
171–72
,
192
; antithetical nature,
70
; defined,
68
,
416n1
; and economic development,
260
,
348–50
,
382
; emergence,
4
; globalization and,
382–83
; Hijaz,
66
,
71
,
417n9
; Iran and,
58
,
71–72
,
144
,
146
,
179
,
274
,
383
; Iraq,
44
,
179
,
274
; Israel,
73
,
75–84
,
98
; Kurd,
244–45
; liberal assimilation,
101
; Maghreb,
73
,
96–107
,
116
; official/unofficial,
274–75
,
278
,
279
; Ottomanism,
27
,
52
,
70–71
,
85
,
86–87
,
107
; Palestinian-Israeli conflict and,
73
,
82–98
,
106
,
276
,
300–317
; positive,
146
; radical,
87
,
101
,
315
; ruling bargain and,
274–76
,
278
,
279
; secular,
106
,
254–55
,
262
,
301–16
,
450n37
; traditionalist anticolonialism,
101
,
102
; Turkey,
27–28
,
51–56
,
70
,
71–72
,
106
,
242
,
383
; Western compared with Arab,
85
; Westphalian sovereignty,
86–87
,
417n10
.
See also
Arabism (Arab nationalism); Arab-Israeli wars; Nasserism/Egyptian nationalism; national identities; Palestinian nationalism; Pan-Arabism; Zionists

national liberation: movements (1960s),
139
; political parties,
69
.
See also
National Front; National Liberation Front; Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO); revolutions

National Liberation Front: Algeria (Front de Libération Nationale, FLN),
96
,
100
,
103
,
105–6
,
219
,
250–51
; Yemen,
114

National Liberation Movement, PLO,
123–24

National Pact/al-Mithaq al-Watani (1943), Lebanon,
248
,
288

National Progressive Unionist Party, Egypt,
251

National Salvation Party, Turkey,
259

national security,
213
; presidential monarchies,
269
,
271
; quasi-democratic states,
242
,
243
; security states,
265
,
270–71
; U.S. strategy of prevention and preemption,
200
; West Bank fence,
337
.
See also
intelligence agencies; military; police

National Security Council (NSC), Turkey,
242–43
,
247
,
283

National Union (NU), Nasser’s Egypt,
95
,
112–13

nationhood: nationalism dependent on,
69–70
.
See also
independence; state formation

NATO: Libyan revolutionaries covered by,
295
; Turkey,
110
,
111

navies: British,
36
,
37
; Iran,
180
; U.S.,
180
,
181
,
196

Nazis/Holocaust,
51
,
82
,
301
,
330

negative equilibrium, state-society relations,
146
,
385

Neo-Destour Party, Tunisia,
100
,
105
,
219
,
251

Neolithic Revolution,
11

Nestorian Church, Iraq,
10

Netanyahu, Benjamin,
193
,
204
,
330–31
,
341

new historians,
82

New Order (Nizam-i Jedid), Ottoman,
25

newspapers: Arab,
87
; political opposition,
253
,
285
,
286

New World Order, American-dominated,
172
,
191

NGOs (nongovernmental organizations),
285
,
287
,
399

Nicaragua: democratization,
281
; Iran-Contra Affair,
428n57
; revolution,
140

Nile River: cities,
12
,
17
,
20
; water source,
402–4

1973 war.
See
October 1973 War, Arab-Israeli

Nixon, Richard M.,
128
,
137
,
197

Nizam-i Jedid (New Order), Ottoman,
25

nomadic tribes,
11–12
,
30
,
33
; bedouins,
11
,
63
,
236
,
306
,
369

NonAligned Summit (Indonesia 1955),
92–93
,
95

nongovernmental organizations (NGOs),
285
,
287
,
399

North Africa,
1
,
48
; Abbasids,
20–21
; contraceptives,
393
; economic conference,
193
; Islamic expansion into,
17–18
; Islamism,
254
,
255
; Mizrachim,
303–4
; Ottomans,
23
; political parties,
253
; Shiʿites,
20–21
; Umayyads,
19
.
See also
Egypt; Libya; Maghreb; Sudan; Yemen

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),
377

North Korea, axis of evil,
201

nuclear program: Bush Doctrine,
200
; Iran,
167
,
168
fig;
Iraqi,
179

Obama, Barack,
199
,
207
,
342

Öcalan, Abdullah,
244–45

Occupied Territories.
See
Israeli-Occupied Territories

October 1973 War, Arab-Israeli,
36
,
109
,
126–37
,
190
,
247
,
300
,
324
; aftereffects,
35
,
108–9
,
125
,
131–32
,
138
,
219
,
307
,
314
,
326
; airlifts,
129
,
131
,
424n59
; and oil,
131–32
,
136
,
148
; Ramadan,
129–33
,
423n55
; Sadat and,
108–9
,
127–30
,
130
fig,
132–34
,
326
; Suez Canal,
96–97
,
127–31
,
130
fig,
424n57
; Yom Kippur,
129
,
131
,
423n55

oil,
190
,
232
; Aramco,
63–64
,
416n83
; biggest export,
377
; boom (1970s),
255
,
393
; Britain’s Persian Gulf interests,
37
,
64
,
144
; Dutch disease,
362
; embargo,
136–37
,
169
; foreign workers in,
355
,
360
,
362
,
369
,
393
,
394
table,
416n83
; Iran,
137
,
141
,
144
,
146
,
148
,
149
,
162
,
164
,
190
,
359
,
362
; Iraq,
50
,
180
,
202–4
,
359
; Kuwait,
184
,
186
,
352
; and liberalization,
234
; 1973 war and,
131–32
,
136
,
148
; OPEC,
137
,
191
; prices,
35
,
136
,
191
,
198
,
352
; rentierism,
359–62
,
383
,
385
,
459n37
; Saudi,
63–64
,
137
,
198
,
203
,
352
,
362
,
415n83
; Syria,
131
,
190
; U.S. Middle East policy and,
196
,
199
,
203
.
See also
oil monarchies, Arabian peninsula

oil monarchies, Arabian peninsula,
191
,
366
,
370
; bureaucratization of,
232
,
234
; citizen and noncitizen population,
392
,
394
table;
corporatism,
233–34
,
277
; foreign workers,
355
,
360
,
362
,
369
,
393
,
394
table,
416n83
; GDPs,
352
; and globalization,
383
; legitimacy,
215
,
229–30
,
232–33
; patronage,
233–38
,
281–82
,
372
; princely privileges,
233–34
,
439n74
; punishments by state,
369
; rentierism,
361–63
,
385
,
459n37
; ruling families,
182
,
186
,
229–37
,
372
; semiformal entrepreneurs,
370
,
372
; sultanistic states,
215
,
229–38
; tribalism,
215
,
232–34
.
See also
Bahrain; Kuwait; Oman; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; United Arab Emirates (UAE)

Oman: environmental protection,
464n20
; and Iran’s radical clerics,
190
; oil revenues,
352
; and political opposition,
250
; sultanistic state,
233
,
234

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries),
137
,
191

Operation Enduring Freedom,
196–207
,
336
,
342
,
404

opposition politics.
See
political opposition

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC),
137
,
191

organizations: civil society,
265–66
,
281
,
284
,
296
,
308
; nongovernmental (NGOs),
285
,
287
,
399
.
See also
associations; institutions; international organizations; labor organizations

Orthodoxy, Jewish,
303
,
306

Orwellian totalitarian state,
226

Osama bin laden.
See
bin Laden, Osama

Oslo Accords (1993),
191
,
193
,
326–37
,
341
,
345
,
381
; Arafat/PLO/PNA and,
86
,
125
,
135
,
308
,
313–15
,
328–34
,
329
fig,
455nn89
,
90
; Declaration of Principles (DOP),
86
,
328–29
,
330
; final status negotiations,
329–34
,
344
; Hamas and,
308
,
315
,
333
; IDF influence,
247
;
intifada
and,
86
,
308
,
313
,
327–31
; Netanyahu and,
204
,
330–31
,
341
; Peres and,
193
,
327
,
330
; Rabin and,
135
,
324–25
,
328–31
,
329
fig;
Savir as chief Israeli diplomat,
455n89
; Wye River Memorandum and,
331