The Modern Middle East (115 page)

security states,
265
,
270–71
.
See also
national security

Selim III (r. 1789–1807),
25

separatists,
266

Sephardim,
302–3

September 1, 2001,
172
,
190
,
194–96
,
200–204
,
261

settlements, Israeli,
307
; Oslo Accords and,
329
,
331–33
; population,
319–20
,
320
table,
331–33
; preferential treatment of Jews,
313
,
317–22
,
453–54nn55
,
64
; road map for peace and,
337
; and water scarcity,
402
; West Bank,
342

Sèvres, Treaty of (August 1920),
39
,
44

shahs: Qajar,
30
,
31–33
,
56–57
; Safavid,
29
.
See also
Pahlavi state

shantytowns,
394

sharia,
16
,
54
,
59
,
260
,
389
,
415n66

Shariati, Ali (1933–77),
151
,
257

Shariatmadari, Grand Ayatollah Kazem,
161

Sharon, Ariel,
131
,
330–39

Shas Party, Israel,
304
,
305–6

Shiʿites,
217
; Bahrain,
272
,
295
; clergy hierarchy,
426n22
; conspiracy theories about,
274
; deifying certain individuals,
62–63
; Hezbollah militia,
249
; Iran,
23
,
29
,
30
,
57–58
,
152–53
,
190
,
275
; Iraq,
44
,
147
,
173
,
179
,
187
fig,
188
,
206
,
208
,
431n41
; Lebanon,
247
,
248
,
249
,
274
; North Africa,
20–21
; partisans,
18
; Safavids,
23
,
29
; Twelver (Imami) branch,
29
.
See also
ulama

Shlaim, Avi,
344

Shuqairi, Ahmad,
123

Sick, Gary,
160
,
428nn51
,
55

Sinai,
84
,
138
; Arab-Israeli wars,
96–97
,
118–21
,
123
,
126–32
,
190
; Camp David Accord and,
125
,
134
,
325–27
,
344
; Strait of Tiran,
118
,
119

Sinai I & II treaties,
133
,
135

Six-Day War (1967),
36
,
109
,
116–31
,
138
,
189
,
300
,
324
; casualties,
121
,
422n35
; and exclusionary state formation,
219
; Israeli-captured territories,
120
map;
Israeli military,
119–21
,
121
fig,
247
,
422n35
; lightning blitz,
119–21
; Nasser and,
85
,
90
,
108
,
109
,
116–23
,
220
; Palestinian nationalism phases,
85
; Palestinian refugees,
121
,
123
,
317
; radio from Egypt,
122
,
123
,
423n41
; and secular nationalism’s decline,
254

social change, stateled: democratization,
285–90
; Iran,
58
,
285–90
,
384
; Tunisia,
105
; Turkey,
54
,
384
.
See also
liberalization; modernism; social welfare programs

Social Democratic Movement Parties, Tunisia,
251

socialism:
etatism
vs.,
457n7
; exclusionary states,
219
; Iranian revolutionaries,
151
; Nasser’s Egypt,
95
,
102
; Six-Day War and,
122

social media,
284
,
292

social welfare programs,
231
,
265–66
,
271
,
362–63
,
383

socioeconomic levels: military,
219
,
221
; Mizrachim and Ashkenazim,
303–5
; Palestinian,
310–11
,
317
,
321–23
.
See also
classes; economic sectors; education; employment; poverty

Somalia: separatists,
266
; U.S. targets attacked in (1993),
195

Soroush, Abdolkarim (b. 1945),
257
,
258

South America.
See
Latin America

Southeast Anatolian Development Project (GAP), Turkey,
402

Soviets: Afghanistan invasion (1979),
159
,
170
,
199–200
; and Arab-Israeli conflicts,
117
,
119
,
122–23
,
128–29
; Cold War,
110–11
,
146
,
170
,
197
; collapse,
172
,
199
; Egypt aided by,
96
,
122–23
,
128–29
; and Iran,
32
,
110
,
142–43
,
150
,
348
; Madrid Peace Conference (1991),
327
; and PLO,
136
; and Syria,
190
; Turkey aided by,
55
; World War II,
142–43
,
381
.
See also
Eastern Europe; Russians

Spain: Franco,
102
; Islamic expansion into,
17–18
; Madrid Peace Conference (1991),
326
,
327
; and Morocco,
102
,
237
; Sephardim and,
302–3
; Umayyads,
19
,
20–21

Springborg, Robert,
276
,
285–86

“Spring of Nations”/”Springtime of Peoples” revolutions (1848), Europe,
405

state formation,
3
,
36–67
,
69
,
213
,
218–22
,
387
; exclusionary states (three stages),
218–20
; Iran (1920s),
38
,
59–61
; Israel (1948),
35
,
39
,
66
,
73–84
,
299
; and rentierism,
235
,
362
; Saudi Arabia (1920s),
39
,
51
,
62–66
; Turkey,
27–28
,
38
,
39
,
51–56
.
See also
independence; local nation builders (1920s); monarchies

states,
8
,
213–64
,
368
; bureaucracies,
59
,
217–19
,
224
,
232
,
234
,
362
,
365
,
371
,
385
; economic role,
6
,
349–72
; exclusionary/
mukhaberat
/praetorian,
213–29
,
263
,
278
,
416n83
,
435n3
,
437–38nn26
,
36
; hydraulic,
12
,
13
,
33
; inclusionary,
213–18
,
223–29
,
263
,
273
,
367–68
,
437n26
; Islamic,
15–17
,
19
; and Islamist parties,
259–60
; limited,
371
; and nationhood idea,
70
; Orwellian totalitarian,
226
; progressive (nonaligned) and conservative (pro-Western),
110
; quasi-democratic,
213–17
,
239–50
,
263
; revolutionary,
223
; security states,
265
,
270–71
; social welfare programs,
231
,
265–66
,
271
,
362–63
,
383
; sultanistic,
213
,
214
,
227–28
,
229–39
,
263
,
283
; transformative,
218
,
226
; vs.
ulama,
255–58
.
See also
central authority; civil service/public employment; corporatism; corruption; dictatorships; Islamic states; leaders; legitimacy, state; monarchies; nationalism; nationhood; patronage; politics; rentierism; repression, state; republicanism; revolutions; state formation; state-society relations; statism; taxes; wars

state-society relations,
4
,
5
,
8
,
33
,
139
,
264
,
279–81
; consensus,
273
; exit of
society from political process,
279–80
; gap,
263
,
265
; hard-liners and soft-liners/liberalizers and,
289
,
297
; Iran,
143
,
146–47
,
273
,
285–86
;
mukhaberat
states,
221
; negative equilibrium,
146
,
385
; negotiated revolutions,
140
; negotiated transition to democracy,
268–69
,
280
,
285–90
; parallel or alternative society,
279
; praetorian polities,
278
; rentierism and,
359–60
,
362–63
,
385
; social welfare programs,
231
,
265–66
,
271
,
362–63
,
383
; spontaneous revolutions,
140
; statism and,
357–58
; weakness in,
143
,
207–8
,
263
,
363–64
,
384
; Yemen,
114
.
See also
civil society; corporatism; democracy; domestic politics; economic development; institutions; legitimacy, state; patronage; political opposition; political parties; revolutions; riots; ruling bargain; social change, stateled

statism,
49
,
134
,
348
,
349–57
,
363–64
; Algeria,
219
,
351
; and democratization,
274
; economic development,
49
,
51
,
134
,
274
,
348
,
349–57
,
362
,
363–64
,
381–82
; Egypt,
218
,
351
; rentierism and,
362
; Turkey,
49
,
51
,
53
,
351
,
384

steamships, Ottoman,
25

Stern, Avraham,
80

Stern Gang,
79
,
80
,
82

street demonstrations: Arab Spring,
5
,
291–94
,
293
fig;
Cairo,
5
,
134
,
292
,
293
fig;
days of rage,
291
; inclusionary states,
228
; Iranian Republic,
157–58
; Jordan,
230
; Palestine state,
341
.
See also
intifadas;
riots; strikes

strikes: Iranis vs. Pahlavi state,
149
,
150
,
152–53
; Palestinian (1936),
88

Sublime Porte (Bab-i Homayun/Bab-i Ali), Ottoman,
23
,
38
,
47

Sudan,
382
; al-Bashir,
220
,
258
; bin Laden,
200
; British and,
46–47
,
218
; civil war,
191
,
220–22
; conspiracy theories about,
274
; cost-of-living riots,
356
; cultural niche,
279
; inclusionary state,
215
; Liberation Army,
221–22
; military rule,
221–22
,
357
; Nasser and,
96
; October Revolution (1964),
218
; Pan-Arabism,
72
,
98
; praetorian dictatorship,
214
; separatists,
266
; state employees,
218
; statism,
351
; al-Turabi,
257
,
258
; urban populations,
12
; water,
402–3

Suez Canal: Arab-Israeli wars,
96–97
,
127–31
,
130
fig,
424n57
; nationalized by Egypt,
37
,
93
,
96
,
108
; West and,
36–38
,
39
,
46–47
,
110
,
413n28

Sufis,
411n63
; vs. Atatürk,
53
; Egypt,
284
; Safavid genesis,
23
,
29
; Sanusi order,
50
; Wahhabis and,
62–63