The Modern Middle East (109 page)

military coups: Algeria (1965),
116
; Algeria (1991),
282
; Egypt (1952),
92–93
,
97
,
218
,
351
; Iran (1921),
32–33
,
56
,
57
; Iraq (1958),
42
,
110
,
113–14
,
174
,
218
; Morocco attempted (1971/1972),
230
,
237–38
; silent,
240
,
243
,
283–84
; Sudan (1985),
357
; Syria,
111
,
113–14
; Turkey,
240
,
242–44
,
283–84
; Yemen,
114–15

military democracy,
242

Mitchell, George,
335

Mizrachim,
303–6

mizug galuyot,
306

Moaz Esther, unauthorized outpost,
300
fig

modernism,
3–4
,
36
,
218
,
387
; Arab nationalism post-1948 and,
90
; Iran,
56–62
,
66
,
142
,
147
,
152
,
156
,
235
; and Islam,
54
,
66
,
156
,
255–57
; Nasser,
218
; Ottoman,
25–27
; statist,
51
,
53–55
,
134
,
348
,
349–56
; sultanistic states,
235
; Tunisia,
105
; Turkey,
51
,
53–56
,
66
,
242
.
See also
economic development; industrialization; secularism; West

Mohammad, Mohathir,
258

monarchies,
62
,
90
,
95
,
387
; absolutist,
145–49
; civic myth,
215
,
231
,
234
,
238
,
263
; colonial constructions,
3
,
215
,
232
; corporatism,
230
,
233–34
,
277
; democratic,
237
; Egypt,
90–93
; Hijaz,
40
,
42
,
50
,
51
,
62–66
,
71
; Iran,
10
,
31–33
,
57–59
,
141–55
; Iraq,
39
,
40
,
42
,
71
,
230
; legitimacy,
42
,
101–2
,
215
,
229–38
,
439n61
; Libya,
116
; patronage,
233–38
,
282
,
283
,
372
; presidential,
268–71
,
276
,
387
; rentier states,
229–30
,
235
,
359
,
383
,
385
,
459–60n45
; sherifian,
47
,
101
,
229
; statism,
352
; sultanistic states,
215
,
229–38
; Syria,
40
,
44
,
71
; Yemen,
114–16
.
See also
Jordan’s monarchy; Morocco’s monarchy; oil monarchies, Arabian peninsula; ruling families; shahs

Mongols,
20
,
21

Morocco,
1
,
190
; Arab Spring and uprisings (2011),
239
,
291
; associations,
284
,
285
,
287
;
baraka,
101
,
421n84
; Berbers,
48
,
101
; Bilad al-Makhzan,
47–48
,
99
; Bilad al-Siba,
48
; border conflict with Algeria,
116
; cultural legitimation,
279
; democratization,
237–38
,
280
,
282–83
; economic development,
229
,
283
,
356
,
361
; environmental pollution,
399
; Equity and Reconciliation Commission (Instance équité et Réconciliation, IER),
286–87
; exclusionary state,
217
; French in,
3
,
38
,
47–49
,
98–102
,
237
; housing,
394
; independence,
100
,
237
; languages,
3
; liberalization,
231
,
282–83
,
285
,
286
,
289
; loyal opposition,
238
,
250
,
283
; military coups attempted (1971/1972),
230
,
237–38
; and Nasser,
116
; national charter,
281
; nationalism,
73
,
99–102
,
107
; and Ottomans,
2
,
47
; parliament,
238
,
250
,
273
,
283
,
286
; Party for Justice and Development (PJD),
282–83
; political opposition,
238
,
251
,
253
,
260
,
282
,
283
,
286–87
; political parties,
19
,
101
,
102
,
237
,
238
,
251–53
,
260
,
280
,
283
; rentierism,
229–30
,
235
; riots,
230
,
356
; Second Gulf War,
185
; shah of Iran,
157–58
; Spain and,
102
,
237
; state of emergency (1965–71),
238
; sultanistic state,
214
,
215
,
229–31
,
235
,
237–39
,
283
;
ulama,
237
,
256
; urban populations,
12
.
See also
Morocco’s monarchy

Morocco’s monarchy,
214
,
229–31
,
237–38
,
263
,
286–87
; Hassan II (b. 1929),
157
,
230
,
237–38
,
256
,
286
,
287
; legitimacy,
101
,
229–30
,
235
,
238
,
439n61
;
makhzen,
283
,
445n82
; Mohammed V,
39
,
100
,
101–2
,
105–6
,
237
,
256
,
439n61
; Mohammed VI (b. 1963),
230
,
237–38
,
286
,
287
; sherifian,
47
,
101
,
230

Morris, Benny,
88
,
317

Morsi, Mohamed,
5
,
293
fig,
294
,
345

mortality: infant mortality rates,
388–89
.
See also
casualties; martyrdom; massacres; suicide bombings

Mosul, Iraq,
51

motor vehicles: age of,
399
; air pollution,
397–99
; per individual,
398
table

Mousavi, Mirhossein,
166–67

Mouvement Democratique et Social (MDS), Morocco,
253

Mouvement National Populaire (MNP), Morocco,
253

Mouvement Populaire (MP), Morocco,
253

Muʿawiya, caliphate,
18–19

Mubarak, Hosni: Arab Spring and revolution (2011),
29
; fall,
267
,
290
,
293
fig,
387
; family wealth,
269–70
; inclusionary state,
215
; Iraqi-Kuwait mediations,
184
; last prime minister,
294
; and military,
220
,
270
;
mukhaberat
state,
222
,
280
; patrimonialism,
276
; public portraits,
438n36
; punishments toward poor,
369
; rebellion against,
229
,
272
,
290–94
,
293
fig;
and voluntary associations,
285

Mohammed V, Morocco,
39
,
100
,
101–2
,
105–6
,
237
,
256
,
439n61

Mohammed VI (b. 1963), Morocco,
230
,
237–38
,
286
,
287

Muhammad Ali, Egypt,
23
,
412n7

Muhammad Ali (r. 1907–9), Iran,
31

Muhammad ibn-Abdullah.
See
Prophet Muhammad

Muhammad ibn Saud,
62

Muhammad Khan, Agha (d. 1797),
30–31

Mujahedeen guerrillas: Afghanistan,
199–200
; Iran,
151
,
161

mukhaberat:
intelligence agency,
95
,
217
,
223
,
226
,
231
,
279–80
; state type,
217
,
220–27

multinational corporations,
261
,
350

Musaddiq, Muhammad,
144–47
,
150
,
426nn11
,
12
,
16

Muslim Brotherhood: Egypt,
91–93
,
255–59
,
282
,
294
,
314
,
345
,
369
; Jordan,
250
,
259
; Palestinian,
314
,
315
; Syria,
222
,
228
,
250
,
260
,
280

Muslims,
2
; Arab-Israeli,
245–48
,
440n93
; Byzantine tolerance of,
407n3
; vs. Copts in Egypt,
134
; divisions among,
18
; and Haram al-Sharif,
333–35
; Israel population of,
303
; Lebanon,
247
,
248–49
; Palestinians,
74
,
302
,
310
,
313
,
315
; Western,
165
.
See also
Islam; Islamism; Shiʿites; Sufis; Sunnis;
ulama;
umma

Muzaffar al-Din Shah (r. 1896–1907),
31

mysticism,
29
.
See also
Sufis

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement),
377

Naguib, Muhammad,
92–93

nakba:
Palestinian (1948),
85
,
88
,
98–99
,
126
,
318
; Six-Day War,
122
,
126

Naser al-Din Shah (r. 1848–96),
30–31

Nasser, Gamal Abdel,
89–98
,
94
fig,
108–9
,
126
,
381
,
420n72
; Arabism,
90–91
,
97–98
,
106–9
,
113–14
,
137–38
,
172
,
190–93
; Arab Socialist Union (ASU),
95
,
102
,
127
,
134
,
219
; death (1970),
108
,
123
,
124
,
126
,
128
,
171
,
219
; decline,
108
,
109–23
; inclusionary state,
215
; Iraqi coup (1958) and,
42
; and Palestinian nationalism,
85
;
The Philosophy of the Revolution,
93
; resignation,
122
; revolution from above,
140
; Sadat and,
127
,
134
,
219
; Saddam and,
137
,
173
,
174
,
177
,
209
; and Six-Day War (1967),
85
,
90
,
108
,
109
,
116–23
,
220
; state modernist transformation,
218
; statism,
219
,
351
; successors (attempted),
173
,
174
,
176
,
191
,
192
; summits,
92–93
,
95
,
193
; UAR,
98
,
107
,
108
,
109–10
,
111–13
,
114
,
116
; and
ulama,
256
; U.S. and,
95
,
96
,
111
; War of Attrition,
123
,
126
,
127
,
128
; and Yemen,
98
,
108
,
109
,
114–17
,
123
,
137
.
See also
Nasserism/Egyptian nationalism

Nasserism/Egyptian nationalism,
35
,
51
,
64
,
73
,
85
,
90–99
,
109
; end of,
122–23
,
171
; Free Officers,
92
,
93
,
127
,
218
; and globalization,
381
,
383
; Maghred nationalism and,
98–99
,
100
,
102
,
106
; 1973 war and,
326
; Sadat and,
134
,
219
; secular,
254
,
256
.
See also
Nasser, Gamal Abdel