The Classical World (98 page)

15
. M. Cébeillac-Gervasoni and F. Zevi, in
Mélanges de l’École Française à Rome
(1976), 612.

16
. Dio, 67.8.4.

17
. Dio, 74.5.5.

1
. Suetonius,
Life of Augustus
49.

2
. Hyginus, in
Corpus Agrimensorum Romanorum
, ed. C. Thulin, volume I (1913), 165–6; O. A. W. Dilke,
The Roman Land Surveyors
(1971), 113–14.

3
. Strabo, 3.4.20.

4
. M. Beard, J. North and S. R. F. Price (eds.),
Religions of Rome
, volume I (1998), 324–8, and volume II (1998), 71–6.

5
. Suetonius,
Life of Nero
44.1; I disagree with P. A. Brunt, in
Scripta Classica Israelica
(1974), 80; a ‘levy’ (
dilectus
) is either of auxiliaries or of volunteers (Tacitus,
Histories
3.58, is a good example).

6
. Tacitus,
Annals
4.4.2, and Suetonius,
Life of Tiberius
30, where M. W. Frederiksen pointed out to me the force of ‘etiam’ (‘even’).

7
. Statius,
Silvae
5.1.94–5.

8
. H. Dessau (ed.),
Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae
, 2558, with the fine study of M. P. Speidel, in
Ancient Society
(1991), 277–82, and his
Riding for Caesar
(1994), 46.

9
. Tacitus,
Annals
1.17, and J. F. Gilliam, in
Bonner Jahrbücher
(1967), 233–43, especially 238.

10
. Suetonius,
Life of Tiberius
16.

11
. R. W. Davies, in
Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt
, volume II.i (1974), 301–34, an excellent survey.

12
. Tacitus,
Agricola
5.1–2, with Brian Campbell, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1975), 18–19.

13
.
Historia Augusta
, Life of Hadrian 10.4–5.

14
. H. C. Youtie, in J. Bingen, G. Cambier and G. Nachtergael (eds.),
Le Monde grec… : Hommages à Claire Préaux
(1975), 723, a brilliant study.

1
. Horace,
Carmen Saeculare
50–51, with 56; M. Beard, J. North and S. R. F. Price,
Religions of Rome
, volume I (1998), 201–6, and volume II (1998), 140–44.

2
. Ibid. 140.

3
. R. K. Sherk,
The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian
(1988), number 15, line 10.

4
. Ibid., number 36, page 66, lines 15 ff.

5
. M. T. Griffin, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1997), 252, lines 115–20.

6
. Tacitus,
Annals
14.43.

7
. G. W. Bowersock, in Kurt A. Raaflaub and Mark Toher (eds.),
Between Republic and Empire
(1990), 380–94.

8
. Fergus Millar, in
Greece and Rome
(1988), 48–51; W. Eck, in F. Millar and E. Segal (eds.),
Caesar Augustus
(1984), 129–67.

9
. Suetonius,
Life of Augustus
31.5.

10
. P. A. Brunt,
The Fall of the Roman Republic
(1988), 350.

11
. R. K. Sherk,
Rome and the Greek East to the Death of Augustus
(1984), number 133.

12
. Tacitus,
Annals
1.75.1–2; D. C. Feeney, in Anton Powell (ed.),
Roman Poetry and Propaganda in the Age of Augustus
(1992), 1.

1
. H. Dessau (ed.),
Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae
, 5026; I owe this to C. E. Stevens. It was not adduced by R. Syme; J. Scheid,
Les Frères Arvales
(1975), 87, does cite it, and R. Syme,
The Augustan Aristocracy
(1986), 415, then dismisses it, quite unconvincingly.

2
. Velleius, 2.124.2; Suetonius,
Life of Tiberius
30.

3
. Tacitus,
Annals
1.7.

4
. Suetonius,
Life of Claudius
3.2.

5
. Pliny,
Natural History
3.119.

6
. M. T. Griffin, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1997), 252, lines 115 ff.

7
. Tacitus,
Annals
11.1.1.

8
. Suetonius,
Life of Nero
6.2 and Dio, 61.2.3.

9
. Tacitus,
Histories
1.72.

10
. N. Purcell, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1985), 14.

11
. Tacitus,
Annals
3.53.5 and 2.33.1 (silks).

12
. Tacitus,
Annals
16.18.

13
. Ibid. 11.3.

1
. C. Nicolet,
Space, Geography and Politics in the Early Roman Empire
(1991).

2
.
Oxyrhynchus Papyrus
2131;
Papyrus Yale
61; Naphtali Lewis,
Life in Egypt under Roman Rule
(1983), 190.

3
. B. M. Levick, in
Greece and Rome
(1979), 120.

4
. E. Schuerer,
A History of the Jewish People
, volume I (1973, rev. edn. by F. G. B. Millar and G. Vermes), 399–427; R. J. Lane Fox,
The Unauthorized Version
(1991), 27–34.

5
. L. Robert,
Laodicée du Lycos
, volume I (1969), 274, a fine study.

6
. G. C. Boon,
Antiquaries Journal
(1958), 237–40; Richard Gordon, in Mary Beard and John North (eds.),
Pagan Priests
(1990), 217.

7
. J. L. Lightfoot (ed.),
Lucian: On the Syrian Goddess
(2003), 200–207.

1
. Tacitus,
Agricola
21.1.

2
. Ibid. 21.2.

3
. Susan Walker (ed.),
Ancient Faces: Mummy Portraits from Roman Egypt
(2000, rev. edn.).

4
. Tacitus,
Annals
14.31.

5
. A. T. Fear,
Rome and Baetica
(1996), 131–69.

6
. I incline to M. Stern, in M. Avi-Yonah and Z. Baras (eds.),
Society and Religion in the Second Temple Period
(1977), 263–301; note also M. Smith, in
Harvard Theological Review
(1971), 1–19; ‘Zealots’ occur first in Josephus,
The Jewish War
4.161; for other views, Martin Goodman,
The Ruling Class of Judaea
(1987), 93–6, 219–21.

7
. The city ‘Agrippina’ is in E. Schuerer,
A History of the Jewish People
, volume I (1973, rev. edn. by F. G. B. Millar and G. Vermes), 461, note 20; Acts of the Apostles 24.25.

1
. E. Schuerer,
A History of the Jewish People
, volume I (1973, rev. edn. by F. G. B. Millar and G. Vermes), 399–427; R. J. Lane Fox,
The Unauthorized Version
(1991), 27–34.

2
. N. Kokkinos, in J. Vardman and E. M. Yamauchi (eds.),
Chronos, Kairos, Christos: Studies in Honor of Jack Finegan
(1989), 133, is still the important study.

3
. John 18.31, and the cardinal study by E. J. Bickerman, in his
Studies in Jewish and Christian History
, volume III (1986), 82 with Lane Fox,
Unauthorized Version
(1991), 283–310.

4
. Josephus,
The Jewish War
6.300–309; E. Rivkin,
What Crucified Jesus?
(1986).

5
. Luke 13.1–5.

6
. Acts of the Apostles 11.26 with the still-penetrating study of Elias J. Bickerman, in
Harvard Theological Review
(1949), 109–24.

7
. Acts of the Apostles 18.17; on Paul and Pisidian Antioch, W. Ramsay, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1926), 201.

8
. Romans 13.1–5.

9
. 1 Corinthians 7.21; Ephesians 6.5.

10
. Matthew 19.12.

1
. M. I. Rostovtzeff,
The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire
, volume I (1957, rev. edn. by P. M. Fraser), 86.

2
. T. E. J. Wiedemann, in Alan K. Bowman
et al
. (eds.),
Cambridge Ancient History
, volume X (1996), 256–7; Pliny,
Natural History
20.100.

3
. Rhiannon Ash, in
Omnibus
, 45 (2003), 11–13.

4
. A. Henrichs, in
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
, 3 (1968), 51–80, and Barbara Levick,
Vespasian
(1999), 227, note 9.

5
. Translated in Robert K. Sherk,
The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian
(1988), 82–3, with the important study of P. A. Brunt, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1977), 95–116, with which I disagree.

1
. Suetonius,
Life of Vespasian
22.

2
. R. Darwall-Smith,
Emperors and Architecture: A Study of Flavian Rome
(1996), 55–68, an excellent discussion.

3
. Barbara Levick,
Vespasian
(1999), 194; Quintilian,
Institutes
4.1.19.

4
. Suetonius,
Life of Titus
10.2.

5
. Quintilian,
Institutes
1.1.12.

6
. Pliny,
Panegyric
82.1–3.

7
. Dio, 67.9.1–5.

8
. Statius,
Silvae
4.2.30–1.

9
. Pliny,
Letters
4.22.5–6.

1
. Kenneth S. Painter,
The Insula of the Menander at Pompeii
, volume IV:
The Silver Treasure
(2001).

2
. Liisa Savunen, in Richard Hawley and Barbara Levick (eds.),
Women in Antiquity: New Assessments
(1995), 194–206, for the evidence, at least.

3
. H. Dessau (ed.),
Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae
, 5145.

4
. R. C. Carrington, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1931), 110–30, an excellent study: ‘Pompeii and its vicinity was no garden city or suburb, but the scene of an intense industrial activity’ (130).

5
.
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
, IV.2993t.

6
. I differ from Paul Zanker,
Pompeii: Public and Private Life
(1998, English transl.), 23–4.

7
. J. R. Clarke, in D. Fredrick (ed.),
The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power and the Body
(2002), 149–81, suggests the scenes were comic; J. R. Clarke,
Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art
(1998), 212–40.

8
. Lorenzo Fergola and Mario Pagano,
Oplontis
(1998), 19 and 85, for the ‘Poppaea’ possibility (I incline to it); P. Castren,
Ordo Populusque Pompeianus
(1963, 2nd edn.), 209 for the evidence for the family in Pompeii.

9
.
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
, IV.7698B, from the ‘House of the Moralist’, III.iv.2–3.

1
. R. Syme,
Roman Papers
, volume VII (1991), 621, and index, 695, for the phrase.

2
. M. Winterbottom, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1970), 90–97.

3
. Pliny,
Letters
4.25.1–2.

4
. Pliny,
Panegyric
76.6; 65.1; 80.

5
. Pliny,
Letters
3.20.12.

6
. Pliny,
Panegyric
74.2 with 73.4 and 2.8.

7
. Pliny,
Letters
10.18.

1
. Pliny,
Letters
, 10.96.

2
. R. J. Lane Fox,
Pagans and Christians
(1986), 433 and 751 note 37.

3
. Pliny,
Letters
1.12 and 1.22.8–10; M. T. Griffin, in
Greece and Rome
(1986), 64–77 and 192–202.