The Classical World (96 page)

3
. Polybius, 6.53, with Harriet I. Flower,
Ancestor Masks and Aristocratic Power in Roman Culture
(1996).

4
. Virgil,
Georgics
4.276.

5
. M. W. Frederiksen,
Campania
(1984), 200 note 53 for the problem; Livy, 8.9–11; H. W. Versnel, in
Le Sacrifice dans l’antiquité
, Entretiens de la Fondation Hardt, volume XXVII (1981), 135–94.

6
. Polybius, 12.41.1; Plutarch,
Roman Questions
97; Festus 190 L; W. Warde Fowler,
The Roman Festivals
(1899), 241–50.

7
. Ovid,
Fasti
5.331; Valerius Maximus, 2.10.8, for young Cato’s reaction; Warde Fowler,
Roman Festivals
, 91–5.

8
. Servius, on Virgil,
Aeneid
9.52.

1
. Plutarch,
Life of Pyrrhus
19.6–7, with P. Lévèque,
Pyrrhos
(1957), 355 note 7 and in general 345–56.

2
. Florus, 1.13.9, with H. H. Scullard,
The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World
(1973), 110, on the story’s credentials.

3
. Plutarch,
Life of Pyrrhus
21.14.

4
. Ibid. 23.8.

5
. Diodorus, 23.1.4.

6
. Hanno the Carthaginian,
Periplus
, with introduction and notes by Al. Oikonomides and M. C. J. Miller (1995, 3rd edn.).

7
. Lawrence E. Stager, in H. G. Niemeyer,
Phönizier im Westen
(1982), 155–65: W. Huss,
Geschichte der Karthager
(1985), 532–42; Diodorus, 20.14.4–7; Plutarch,
Moralia
171D.

8
. C. Sempronius Tuditanus, F5 (Peter), for the legend; Diodorus, 24.12, for the torturing.

9
. Polybius, 3.11, with F. W. Walbank,
Commentary
, volume I (1957).

10
. Livy, 21.18.13–14.

1
. V. D. Hanson, ‘Cannae’, in R. Cowley (ed.),
The Experience of War
(1992), with Gregory Daly,
Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War
(2002), 156–201.

2
. Polybius, 3.78.1.

3
. Ibid. 3.88.1.

4
. Pliny,
Natural History
3.103, with Justin,
Epitome
32.4.11.

5
. Livy, 22.51.

6
. Livy, 21.62.3 and 22.1.8–15.

7
. Michael Koortbojian, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(2002), 33–48.

8
. Livy, 27.37, and M. Beard, J. North and S. R. F. Price,
Religions of Rome
, volume I (1998), 82.

9
. M. W. Frederiksen,
Campania
(1984), 243–50.

10
. Tim Cornell, in Tim Cornell, Boris Rankov and Philip Sabin (eds.),
The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal
(1996), 97–117.

11
. Seneca,
Epistle
86.4–6.

12
. Suetonius,
Life of Domitian
10.

1
. Polybius, 5.104.

2
. Appian,
Illyrica
7, P. S. Derow, in
Phoenix
(1973), 118–34, for its value.

3
. R. K. Sherk,
Rome and the Greek East to the Death of Augustus
(1988), number 2, the text; Polybius, 9.39.1–5 for reactions to it.

4
. Plutarch,
Life of Flamininus
10.6 ff.

5
. E. T. Salmon,
Roman Colonization under the Republic
(1969), 95–112.

6
. A. Erskine, in
Mediterraneo antico: economie, società, culture
, 3.1 (2000), 165–82, an excellent study.

7
. P. J. Rhodes and D. M. Lewis,
The Decrees of the Greek States
(1997), 531–49 is now fundamental on the changes in inscribed decrees.

8
. Polybius, 3.4.12, with F. W. Walbank,
Polybius
(1972), 174–81, arguing however that the ‘troubled times’ began
c.
152
BC
.

9
. Polybius, 30.15; for a subsequent (and differently based) ‘change for the worse’, Polybius, 6.57.5 and 31.25.6.

10
. John Briscoe, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1964), 66–77.

1
. A good overview by Matthew Leigh, in Oliver Taplin (ed.),
Literature in the Greek and Roman Worlds: A New Perspective
(2000), 288–310.

2
. O. Skutsch,
The Annals of Quintus Ennius
(1985), the basic study.

3
. Polybius, 30.22.

4
. G. Clemente, in A. Giardina and A. Schiavone (eds.),
Società romana e produzione schiavistica
, volume I (1981), 1–14, a very good survey; M. Coundry, in
Chroniques italiennes
, 54 (1997), 9–20, for history up to Tiberius.

5
. Cato, in Festus 350 L.

6
. Plutarch,
Life of Cato
51; also, 2.1–3; 20.2–4.

7
. Ibid. 21.8.

8
. Cato, in Cicero,
De Officiis
2.89; Cato, preface to
On Agriculture
.

9
. Cato, in Aulus Gellius,
Attic Nights
6.3.7: I owe the emphasis on ‘ill-gotten gains’ to discussion with T. J. Cornell.

10
. Cato, in Pliny,
Natural History
29.14.

11
. Plutarch,
Life of Cato
27.

12
. Polybius, 30.18.

13
. Ibid. 29.4 and 30.5.

14
. 2 Maccabees, 5.11–6.2, with the important reconsideration by F. Millar, in
Journal of Jewish Studies
(1978), 1–21.

15
. 2 Maccabees, 7.9 ff.

16
. Polybius, 3.4.12.

17
. Polybius, 12.25 E, with F. W. Walbank,
Commentary
and his
Polybius
(1992), 66–96.

18
. A. Erskine, in
Mediterraneo antico: economie, società, culture
, 3.1 (2000), 165–82, an excellent study of this too.

19
. Polybius, 10.15.4–6.

20
. Polybius, 31, 25.3–8; on Romans and money, A. Erskine, in F. Cairns (ed.),
Papers of Leeds ‘International’ Latin Seminar
(1996), 1.

21
. F. W. Walbank,
Polybius
(1972), 130–56 and his
Polybius, Rome and the Hellenistic World
(2002), 277–92 for further thoughts.

1
. Sallust,
Catiline
10.

2
. M. Pobjoy, in E. Herring and Kathryn Lomas (eds.),
The Emergence of State Identity in Italy in the First Millennium
(2000), 187–247.

3
. Plutarch,
Life of Tiberius Gracchus
14.1, 19.2; Florus, 2.14.7; C. Gracchus, Fragment 62 (Malcovati).

4
. Diodorus, 37.9.

5
. A. N. Sherwin-White, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1982), 28, part of a very important study.

6
. Plutarch,
Life of Sulla
38.3; Appian,
Civil War
1.106.

1
. Stressed by F. G. B. Millar,
The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic
(1998), 204–26, and his
The Roman Republic in Political Thought
(2002), 19.

2
. A. W. Lintott, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1998), 1–16, moving between the two concepts.

3
. Sallust,
The Histories
, ed. P. McGushin, volume II (1994), 27–31.

4
. Macrobius,
Sat
. 3.13.10; Varro,
De Re Rustica
3.6.6.

5
. Plutarch,
Life of Lucullus
39.2–41; Pliny,
Natural History
15.102; P. Grimal,
Les Jardins romains
(1984 edn.), 128–30.

6
. Plutarch,
Life of Pompey
2.6.

7
. Helvius Mancia, in Valerius Maximus, 6.2.8.

8
. Cicero,
De Imperio
41–2.

9
. A. N. Sherwin-White,
Roman Foreign Policy in the East
(1984), 186–234, for the detailed results.

10
. Plutarch,
Life of Pompey
14.6; Pliny,
Natural History
8.4.

11
. Cicero,
Ad Atticum
2.1.8.

12
. S. Weinstock,
Divus Julius
(1971), 43, and Cicero,
Pro Sestio
129.

13
. Valerius Maximus, 6.2.7 and Ammianus, 17.11.4.

14
. Julian,
The Caesars
, Loeb Library, volume II (1913), ed. W. C. Wright, 384 for the ‘lion’; Caelius, in Cicero,
Ad Familiares
8.1.3; compare Cicero,
Ad Atticum
4.9, another classic.

1
. J. P. V. D. Balsdon, in T. A. Dorey (ed),
Cicero
(1965), 171–214, at 205, in a brilliant appreciation of the man.

2
. S. Treggiari, in
Transactions of the American Philological Association
(1998), 11–23.

3
. Ibid. 1–7; E. Rawson, in M. I. Finley (ed.),
Studies in Roman Property
(1976), 85–101, a fine study on Cicero’s properties; S. Treggiari,
Roman Social History
(2002), 74–108, on ‘privacy’.

4
. Ibid. 49–73; Cicero,
Ad Familiares
4.6.

5
.
Commentariolum Petitionis
, 1.2.

6
. Ibid. 5.18.

7
. Ibid. 11.1.

8
. Cicero,
Ad Familiares
5.7; Scholia Bobiensia 167 (Strangl).

9
. Cicero,
Ad Atticum
2.3.3–4, with the very useful debate and discussion by A. M. Ward, B. A. Marshall and many others in
Liverpool Classical Monthly
, 3.6 (1978), 147–75.

10
. Cicero,
Ad Quintum Fratrem
3.2.4.

11
. Cicero,
De Legibus
3.28 and 3.34–9, especially 39.

12
. E. Rawson, in
Liverpool Classical Monthly
, 7.8 (1982), 121–4, a very good study of this tantalizing subject.

13
. S. Treggiari,
Selection and Translation of Cicero’s Cilician Letters
(1996, 2nd edn.).

14
. Cicero,
Ad Atticum
8.16.2; compare 8.9.4.

1
. Aulus Gellius, 1.10.4.

2
. Suetonius,
Life of Caesar
22.2–3.

3
. Plutarch,
Life of Caesar
11.4.

4
. Asconius,
In Toga Candida
71, on which I agree with E. Rawson, in
Liverpool Classical Monthly
, 7.8 (1982), 123.

5
. L. R. Taylor, in
Historia
(1950), 45–51, is still a basic study: Cicero,
Ad Atticum
2.24.

1
. Caesar,
Gallic War
3.10.

2
. Pliny,
Natural History
9.11; 36.114–15, for the theatre.

3
. B. M. Levick, in Kathryn Welch and Anton Powell (eds.),
Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter
(1998), 61–84.

4
. Pliny,
Natural History
36.116, on Curio; 36.115 on Scaurus’ villa.

5
. G. O. Hutchinson, in
Classical Quarterly
(2001), 150–62.

6
. Cicero,
De Oratore
30–1; A. C. Dionisiotti, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1988), 35–49, on Nepos and comparative history, especially 38–9, an excellent study.

7
. Sallust,
Catiline
25, with R. Syme,
Sallust
(1964), 133–5.

8
. Valerius Maximus, 9.1.8.

9
. Cicero,
Ad Familiares
8.14.