The Classical World (94 page)

4
. Solon F36 (West).

5
. Solon F4 (West), line 18.

6
. Solon F36 (West).

7
. R. F. Willetts,
The Law Code of Gortyn
(1967), with a possible translation; A. L. Di Lello-Finuoli, in D. Musti (ed.),
La transizione dal Miceneo all’Arcaismo… Roma, 14–19 Marzo, 1988
(1991), 215–30; K. R. Kristensen, in
Classica et Medievalia
(1994), 5–26.

8
. E. Lévy, in P. Brulé and J. Oulken (eds.),
Esclavage, guerre, économie en Grèce ancienne: Hommages à Yvon Garlan
(1997), 25–41, is fundamental here.

9
. Aristotle,
Athenaion Politeia
7.3–4; on the (non-numerical) classes, see
(correctly) G. E. M. de Sainte Croix,
Athenian Democratic Origins
(2004), 5–72; I must stress that the ‘300’ and ‘200’ measures for hippeis and zeugites are only an Aristotelian guess (
eulogotera
) and are not historical.
Zeugitai
, like (e. g.)
boarii
in early medieval law-codes, owned oxen; hippeis owned horses. It is unfortunate that these Aristotelian guesses are too often taken as key ‘statistical’ sources for the archaic state’s economy and land-holdings.

10
. Pausanias, 6.4.8.

11
. Aelian,
Varia Historia
2.29.

1
. J. Reynolds, in
Journal of Roman Studies
(1978), 113, lines 39–43; Paul Cartledge and Antony Spawforth,
Hellenistic and Roman Sparta
(1992 edn.), 113.

2
. A. Andrewes,
Probouleusis: Sparta’s Contribution to the Technique of Government
(1954).

3
. Plutarch,
Greek Questions
4, with G. Grote,
A History of Greece
, volume II (1888, revised edn.), 266 and note 2 for the relevance of it at ‘Laconian’ Cnidus.

4
. Homer,
Odyssey
17.487; A. Andrewes, in
Classical Quarterly
(1938), 89–91.

5
. Terpander in Plutarch,
Life of Lycurgus
21.4.

6
. Mucianus, cited in Pliny,
Natural History
19.12.

1
. Homeric
Hymn to Apollo
146–55.

2
. Herodotus, 2.152.4.

3
. Sappho F 39 (Diehl), with (independently of mine) the fine observations by John Raven,
Plants and Plant Lore in Ancient Greece
(2000), 9.

4
. J. D. P. Bolton,
Aristeas
(1962), a brilliant study, although his pp. 8–10 take a more cautious view of Longinus,
On the Sublime
10.4 (his F7, p. 208).

5
. Text of the Oath in Loeb Library,
Hippocrates
, volume I, translated by W. H. S. Jones (1933), 298, with Vivian Nutton,
Hippocratic Morality and Modern Medicine
, in
Entretiens de la Fondation Hardt
, volume XLIII (1997), 31–63.

6
. Athenaeus,
Deipnosophistae
12.541A, Ps.-Aristotle,
De Mirabilibus
96 and the brilliant study by J. Heurgon,
Scripta Varia
(1986), 299.

7
. Herodotus, 1.164.3.

1
. Herodotus, 1.152.3.

2
. P. A. Cartledge,
Agesilaos
(1987), 10–11.

3
. A. Andrewes,
The Greek Tyrants
(1956), chapter VI, for this fine phrase.

4
. Herodotus, 5.72.2, with P. J. Rhodes,
Ancient Democracy and Modern Ideology
(2003), 112–13 and notes 17 and 19.

5
. Mogens H. Hansen,
The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes
(1991), 220.

6
. Herodotus, 5.78.1; G. T. Griffith (ed.),
Ancient Society and Institutions: Studies Presented to V. Ehrenberg
(1966), 115.

7
. Herodotus, 5.73.3.

1
. Herodotus, 1.212–14.

2
. Ibid. 1.153.1–2.

3
. Section 8 of the Naqsh-i-Rustam DN-b text, as rendered in P. Briant,
From Cyrus to Alexander
, translated by Peter T. Daniels (2002), 212.

4
. J. S. Morrison, J. F. Coates and N. B. Rankov,
The Athenian Trireme
(2000, rev. edn.), 250 and 252.

5
. Herodotus, 6.112.3.

6
. V. D. Hanson,
The Western Way of War
(1989), 158 and 175, also now in Hans van Wees,
Greek Warfare
(2004), 184.

7
. Homer,
Iliad
2.872.

8
. Found by M. H. Jameson and concisely discussed in R. Meiggs and D. M. Lewis,
A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions
(1988 edn.), number 23.

9
. R. Étienne and M. Piérart, in
Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique
(1975), 51.

10
. Deborah Boedeker and David Sider (eds.),
The New Simonides
(1996).

11
. Angelos P. Matthaiou, in Peter Derow and Robert Parker (eds.),
Herodotus and His World
(2003), 190–202.

12
. Herodotus, 8.83.

1
. Pindar,
Pythian
1.75.

2
.
Historia Augusta
, Life of Hadrian 13.3.

3
. Ps.-Plato,
Seventh Letter
326B.

4
. Pindar,
Olympian
5.13–14.

5
. T. J. Dunbabin,
The Western Greeks
(1948), p. vii.

6
. F. Cordano,
Le tessere pubbliche dal tempio di Atena a Camarina
(1992); O. Murray, in Mogens H. Hansen (ed.),
The Polis as an Urban Centre and as a Political Community: Acts of the Copenhagen Polis Centre
, volume IV (1997), 493–504.

7
. Michael H. Jameson, David R. Jordan and Roy D. Kotansky,
A Lex Sacra from Selinous
(1993).

8
. Pindar, F106 (Maehler): I owe this to P. J. Wilson.

9
. Herodotus, 7.164.1.

10
. A. Giovannini, ‘Le Sel et la fortune de Rome’, in
Athenaeum
(1985), 373–87, a brilliant study.

11
. Livy, 3.31.8, with R. M. Ogilvie,
A Commentary on Livy, Books 1–5
(1965), 449–50, for the variants and a sceptical view.

1
. Herodotus, 5.92 on
isokratia
.

2
. Pindar,
Pythian
7.18–19.

3
. Herodotus, 8.124.3.

4
. Pliny,
Natural History
18.144.

5
. Thucydides, 2.65.2 is important here; A. G. Geddes, in
Classical Quarterly
(1987), 307–31, for the problematic question of dress.

6
. Thucydides, 2.63.2 and 3.37.2.

1
. Hippocrates,
Epidemics
1.1; Jean Pouilloux,
Recherches sur l’histoire et les cultes de Thasos
, volume I (1954), 249–50 is crucial for the dating, but I identify the mention of the ‘new wall’ with Thasos’ new wall built by the 460s, and I keep Polygnotus and therefore ‘Antiphon, son of Critoboulus’ up in the 460s too. I acknowledge many discussions of this rare point with the late D. M. Lewis, who agreed.

2
. Herodotus, 3.80.3.

3
. J. S. Morrison, J. F. Coates and N. B. Rankov,
The Athenian Trireme
(2000), 238.

4
. Athenaeus, 14.619A, with Walter Scheidel, in
Greece and Rome
(1996), 1.

5
. Ps.-Demosthenes, 59.122.

6
. Ps.-Xenophon,
Constitution of the Athenians
3.2 and 3.8.

7
. David Harvey and John Wilkins,
The Rivals of Aristophanes
(2000).

8
. Alberto Cesare Cassio, in
Classical Quarterly
(1985), 38–42.

1
. H. L. Hudson-Williams, in
Classical Quarterly
(1951), 68–73, on ‘pamphlets’; Harvey Yunis (ed.),
Written Texts and the Rise of Literate Culture in Ancient Greece
(2003), has all the bibliography.

2
. Thucydides, 2.65.9.

3
. Ion, in Plutarch,
Life of Pericles
5.3.

4
. Plato,
Menexenus
, with the comic Callias F15 (Kock), for this sort of joke.

5
. Plutarch,
Life of Pericles
24.9.

6
. Ibid. 8.7.

7
. Glenn R. Bugh,
The Horsemen of Athens
(1988), 52–78.

8
. Thucydides, 2.41.4.

9
. J. M. Mansfield, ‘
The Robe of Athena and the Panathenaic Peplos
’ (Dissertation, Univ. of California, Berkeley 1985), supplementing D. M. Lewis,
Selected Papers in Greek and Near Eastern History
(1997), 131–2.

10
. Aeneas Tacticus, 31.24.

11
. Thucydides, 2.40.2.

12
. Plutarch,
Life of Pericles
3.5 and 13.5, with Anthony J. Podlecki,
Perikles and His Circle
(1998), 172, citing A. L. Robkin for the view I, too, have always preferred.

1
. M. H. Jameson, in R. G. Osborne and S. Hornblower (eds.),
Ritual, Finance and Politics
(1994), 307.

2
. Thucydides, 3.36.6; 5.16.1; 8.73.3; 8.97.2.

3
. Xenophon,
Hellenica
2.3.39; Thucydides, 7.86.5.

4
. Thucydides, 1.22.3.

5
. Thucydides, 2.27.1, whereas Herodotus, 6.91.1, adduces a religious explanation.

1
. Diogenes Laertius, 2.40; on the sense of ‘
theous nomizein
’, I confess to preferring J. Tate, in
Classical Review
(1936), 3 and (1937), 3.

2
. Xenophon,
Symposium
2.10.

3
. Aristophanes,
Clouds
1506–9.

4
. Plutarch,
Life of Pericles
32.2 with L. Woodbury, in
Phoenix
(1981), 295 and M. Ostwald,
From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of Law
(1986), 528–31.

5
. Xenophon,
Symposium
8.2.

1
. Plutarch,
Life of Lysander
30.3–5.

2
. Diodorus, 15.54.3; Xenophon,
Hellenica
6.4.7; Plutarch,
Life of Pelopidas
20.4–21.1; Plutarch,
Moralia
856F; Pausanias, 9.13.5.

3
. K. J. Dover,
Greek Homosexuality
(1978), 190–94.

4
. Xenophon,
Hellenica
7.5.27.

1
. John M. Oakley, in Jenifer Neils and John H. Oakley,
Coming of Age in Ancient Greece: Images of Childhood from the Classical Past
(2003), 174, and catalogue 115, on pp. 162 and 174.

2
. Aeschines, 3.77–8.

3
. D. Ogden,
Greek Bastardy
(1996), 199–203.

4
. Plato Comicus F143 and F188, with James Davidson,
Courtesans and Fishcakes
(1998), 118.

5
. L. Llewellyn-Jones,
Aphrodite’s Tortoise
(2003), is important here, citing (p. 62) Heracleides Criticus, 1.18; compare
Tanagra, mythe et archéologie
, Louvre catalogue 15 September 2003–5 January 2004 (Paris, 2003), which is excellent, especially number 101 from Athens (a veiled prostitute?).

6
.
Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum
, volume XV (1958), 384 and J. M. Hannick, in
Antiquité Classique
(1976), 133–48.

7
. Justin,
Epitome
7.5.4–9.