The Classical World (108 page)
Read The Classical World Online
Authors: Robin Lane Fox
64
. The huge aqueduct at Segovia in Spain, on which an inscription refers to ‘restoration’ by Trajan’s orders in
AD 98
, undertaken by local magistrates. So, an aqueduct existed earlier and was then improved (Photo: J. L. Lightfoot)
65
. A reconstruction of Pliny’s Villa at Laurentum, one of many, based on Pliny’s own Letter, a major text in the history of landscape gardening. Louis-Pierre Haudebourt prided himself on his Latin and classical allusions; he visited Pompeii in 1815–16, was a respected architect in Paris and in 1838, published plans, imagined interior and exterior views and this general impression of Pliny’s villa, with a learned commentary between himself and an imaginary architect used by Pliny, one Mustius. From L. P. Haudebourt, Le Laurentin, Maison de Campagne de Pline Le Jeune (Paris, 1838)
66
. Roman theatre at Emerita (now Mérida) in Spain, founded by Augustus as a colony-city for his retired soldiers (
emeriti
). Dateable to 16/15
BC
, with the patronage of his general Agrippa, and subsequently further decorated. Emerita quicklybecame a showpiece, with loads of marble, including a Forum (later decorated to imitate Augustus’ own at Rome), big temples and an amphitheatre for blood-sports (Photo: J. L. Lightfoot)
67
. Scenes from the Column of Trajan in his Forum at Rome, dedicated in
AD 112
/3 to commemorate his campaigns against the Dacians (modern Romania)
a
) Dacian prisoners are brought before the emperor Trajan outside a Roman camp
b
) Roman soldiers lock their shields together in the ‘tortoise’ (
testudo
) formation as they attack a Dacian fortress
c
) The Dacian’s leader, Decebalus, kills himself near a tree as the Roman cavalry attacks him
d
) Victory inscribes a shield, recording Trajan’s successes for posterity (Photos: Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Rome)
68
. Tondo, originally from a Hadrianic monument commemorating great hunting moments in his reign, set at Rome. Moved under the later Emperor Constantine, after
AD 312
, to adorn the Arch of Constantine in Rome. The lion killed here was in the Western Desert in Egypt in September
AD 130
. A verbose poem by a contemporary poet describes it as terrorizing the area and, when hunted, attacking Antinous on his horse but being killed by Hadrian himself and then stamped on by Antinous’ steed. Here, Hadrian is second left (later, recut to resemble Constantine) and many believe, others dispute, that Antinous is at the far left, with his foot on the lion’s head. If so, he looks unlike his boyish ‘divine’ portraits, spread after his death soon after the hunt (Arch of Constantine, Rome: author’s photograph)
69
. Replica statue from the grounds of Hadrian’s villa at Tivoli, representing a classical Greek warrior whose bronze original has not survived. The warrior is beardless, and therefore unlikely to represent the war god Ares. He is probably a semi-divine hero: his pose and weaponry have suggested that he may represent one of the Athenians’ ten tribal heroes, sculpted by the great Phidias and dedicated at Delphi
c
. 460
BC
. A similar origin has been upheld for the fine ‘Riace Bronze’ warrior, (our number 10), who held a shield and also a spear (now lost). But unlike the Roman who stole an original from Greece, and then lost it off Riace at sea, Hadrian patronized a replica by a contemporary sculptor, thus respecting the ‘classical’ original. His replica stands by the long canal in his garden, known as ‘Canopus’ after the celebrated canal by Alexandria in Egypt, well known for its luxury. So, Hadrian combined ‘luxury’ and respect for the classical world, a fitting climax to our illustrations. Hadrian’s villa, Tivoli
c
.
AD 135
(Photo: © Macduff Everton/CORBIS)
70
. Bronze portrait head of Hadrian, second quarter of second century
AD
(Museo Nazionale, Rome)
71
. Marble relief of the deified Antinous from near Lanuvium, Italy, represented
in the style of the nature-god Silvanus. Signed by Antonianos from Aphrodisias, now in Turkey and a great seat of marble sculpture (from Istituto dei Fondi Rustici, now Banco Nazionale, Rome)
Note
: The material within each entry is arranged chronologically where possible, otherwise alphabetically
Abioi,
22
Achaean League,
316
,
318
,
319
–20,
331
Achilles,
16
,
49
,
73
,
109
,
235
; shield of,
22
Acilius Attianus,
588
Acragas (modern Agrigento),
36
,
122
,
302
Adea,
249
Adeimantus,
209
Adonis,
53
adoption: in Greek society,
32
,
39
; in Roman society,
119
,
476
; of Octavian,
421
adultery,
448
–51
Aeolian islands,
114
Aesculapius,
294
Aetolia, Aetolians,
183
,
316
–17,
326
Aetolian League,
316
Agelisaus II (king of Sparta),
77
,
177
,
184
Agis,
316
agon
,
148
agora
,
34
,
63
,
101
; ‘women’s
agora
’,
144
Agrippa,
419
,
428
,
434
,
441
,
454
,
455
,
473
,
476
–7,
482
,
514
Agrippa I (king of Judaea),
522
Agrippa Postumus,
489
–90
Ahenobarbus, Domitius,
381
–2,
429
Ahriman,
108
Aigai (modern Vergina),
194
,
199
Al Mina,
30
Alban hills,
543
Alcibiades,
161
,
166
,
170
,
173
,
219
,
281
–2
Alcisthenes,
86
Alcman,
77
Alexander I (king of Macedon),
193
Alexander the Great, chs. 21 & 22
passim
,
590
–91; death of,
241
–2,
282
; lover of Homer,
17
; and ‘traces’ of Dionysus,
54
; at Troy,
235
; taught by Aristotle,
202
,
211
–12; tomb of,
244
–5
Alexander IV (king of Macedon),
243
,
246
Alexandria (Egypt),
55
,
212
,
217
,
244
, ch. 23
passim
,
396
,
427
,
432
,
535
; Library of,
258
–9; Museum of,
259
,
494
Alexarchus,
252
Alexis,
218
Amatius,
410
Amestris,
249
Amphidromia,
187
Amyclae,
71
Amyntas III (king of Macedon),
191
Anactoria,
82
Anaxagoras,
153
Anaximenes,
84
Andocides,
174
Anthesteria,
187
Antigone,
7
Antigonus II (king of Macedon),
298
Antimachus,
17
Antioch (in Syria),
253
,
257
,
260
,
426
,
527
,
578
–9; library of,
259
Antiphanes,
218
Antium (modern Anzio),
361
Antonia (daughter of Antony),
495
,
535
Antonius, Iullus,
451
Antonius, Lucius (brother of Antony),
423
–4
Antony, Mark (Marcus Antonius),
294
,
389
,
390
,
396
,
404
,
405
, chs. 37 & 38
passim
,
497
Anyte,
250
Apama,
248
apetairoi
,
66
Apollo,
50
,
52
,
80
,
149
,
157
,
196
,
248
,
421
,
474
; oracles of,
33
,
56
,
65
,
84
,
91
,
107
,
130
,
182
; Augustus’ temple to,
105
,
111
,
119
,
152
,
433
,
474
Apollodorus of Damascus,
577
,
589
Apollodorus (orator),
215
–16
Apollonius,
267
–8
Apostles,
526
Ara Pacis
,
481
Arcadia, Arcadians,
88
,
129
,
180
,
539
; Arcadian League,
180
,
184
archonship,
131
Areopagus, council,
42
,
64
,
92
,
132
,
590
Argos: defeated by Sparta,
72
,
88
; in Homer,
18
,
59
,
78
; use of hoplites,
60
Aristarchus,
259
aristocracy: in Greek society,
32
, ch. 3
passim
,
57
,
60
,
61
,
131
,
141
,
182
,
215
–16; in Homer,
22
Aristodemus,
107
Aristophanes,
148
,
164
,
172
,
186
,
206
Aristotle, ch. 19
passim
,
217
,
230
,
258
,
275
; on Sparta,
72
,
77
,
95
arkteia
,
188
Arminius,
469
Arpinum,
358
arrhephoroi
,
188
Arrian,
231
Artaxerxes II (king of Persia),
178
,
181
Arval Bretheren,
490
Asine,
72
Asoka,
272
Aspasia (mistress of Pericles),
153
–4
Aspendus,
53
assembly: Athenian, ch. 8
passim
,
145
,
146
,
152
; Roman,
279
–80
Astarte,
309
Athens: alliances,
135
–6; architecture,
216
; citizenship,
156
,
214
–15; democracy in, ch. 8
passim
,
141
,
145
,
218
; empire, ch. 11
passim
,
142
; festivals,
146
; law-courts,
132
,
156
; ‘Periclean Athens’, ch. 13
passim
; role in Persian Wars,
104
–10; as a slave-society,
143
; visited by Antony,
421
,
425
; visited by Hadrian,
589
–90; visited by Herodotus,
140
–41
