The Classical World (95 page)

1
. Arrian,
Indica
18.6–7; on Aristotle’s view, note the case advanced by P. A. Brunt,
Studies in Greek History and Thought
(1993), 334–6.

2
. E. Voutiras,
Revue des Études Grecques
(1996), 678, with
Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum
, volume XLVI (1996), 776, and volume XLIX (1999), 759.

3
. Arrian,
Anabasis
1.10.1, and Diodorus, 17.16.3, which I accept, differing from A. B. Bosworth,
Commentary on Arrian’s History of Alexander
, volume I (1980), 97, who credits Arrian with an ‘error’.

4
. Plutarch,
Life of Alexander
39.2–3.

5
. M. W. Dickie, in
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
, 109 (1995), 81–6 and L. Rossi, ibid. 112 (1996), 59; Poseidippus F44 (ed. Austin–Bastiniani).

6
. Ps.-Demosthenes, 17.15.

7
. Plutarch,
Moralia
179 C–D.

1
. Plato,
Republic
558C; the entire section, starting at 555B, is brilliantly malign.

2
. Plato,
Laws
636B–D4; 836B8–C7; 836D9–E4; 841D4–5; G. E. M. de Sainte Croix used to lecture with great force on Plato as the first attested ‘homophobe’, citing the
Laws
, including
Laws
636C5 which applies, too, to ‘lesbians’.

3
.
Laws
907E–910D; for ‘corrective’ punishment, T. J. Saunders,
Plato’s Penal Code: Tradition, Controversy and Reform in Greek Penology
(1991) is a fine study.

4
. Aristotle,
Meteorologica
1.352A30, F13 (Rose), F25 (Rose),
Metaphysics
1074 B1–14.

5
. Aristotle,
History of Animals
523A18 and
Generation of Animals
736A11–12.

6
. Aristotle,
Politics
1254A20, explicitlyappealing to ‘
ta gignomena
’ as proof that slaves exist: ‘natural slavery’ is not just a theoretical construct of his thinking. P. A. Brunt,
Studies in Greek History and Thought
(1993), 343–88, is the definitive study on this issue.

7
. Aristotle,
Politics
1260A12.

8
. To the texts in Brunt,
Studies in Greek History and Thought
, 288–90, a sceptical view, we can add on Cotys’ death, Philostratus,
Life of Apollonius
7.2 and on Clearchus’, Justin,
Epitome
16.5.12–13, Philodemus,
Index Academicorum
6.13 (Dorandi) and the fiction in I. Düring,
Chion of Heraclea
(1951). Memnon 434F1 (Jacoby) says Clearchus himself had ‘heard Plato’.

9
. Aristotle F668 (Rose).

10
. Aristotle,
On the Heavens
297A3–8.

11
. Duris, in Athenaeus 12.542D; Diogenes Laertius, 5.75 (the statues); William W. Fortenbaugh and Eckart Schütrumpf,
Demetrius of Phaleron
, texts and translation (2000).

12
. Diogenes Laertius, 5.38; C. Habicht,
Athens from Alexander to Antony
(1997), 73, and the fine studyin his
Athen in Hellenisticher Zeit: Gesammelte Aufsätze
(1994), 231–47.

1
. Jacob Burckhardt,
The Greeks and Greek Civilization
, abridged and translated by Sheila Stern (1998), 289–90.

2
. Ps.-Demosthenes, 50.26.

3
. G. E. M. de Sainte Croix,
Origins of the Peloponnesian War
(1972), 371–6.

4
. S. Lewis,
News and Society in the Greek Polis
(1996), 102–15.

5
. D. M. Lewis,
Selected Papers in Greek and Near Eastern History
(1997), 212–29.

6
. J. K. Davies, in
Journal of Hellenic Studies
(1967), 33–40.

7
. W. K. Pritchett,
The Greek State at War
, part V (1991), 473–85, is essential here.

8
. I disagree with D. M. MacDowell, in
Classical Quarterly
(1986), 438–49 (an important paper), and incline more (but not wholly) to A. H. M. Jones,
Athenian Democracy
(1957), 28–9.

9
. W. C. Arnott, in
Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
(1959), 78–9.

10
. Theophrastus,
Characters
4.11, 21.5, and R. J. Lane Fox, in
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society
(1996), 147, and notes 210–13.

11
. Theophrastus,
Characters
23.2, with Lane Fox, op. cit. (note 10), 147 and note 208.

12
. K. Hallof and C. Habicht, in
Mitteilungen der deutschen Archäologischen Institut (Athenische)
, 110 (1995), 273–303;
Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum
, volume XLV (1995), 300–306.

13
. Xenophon,
Ways and Means
1.1.

14
. Demosthenes, 10.36–45.

1
. Herodotus, 6.69.2–3; Plutarch,
Life of Lysander
26.1; Plutarch,
Moralia
338B. Aristander (Alexander’s own
mantis
) is named in Origen,
Against Celsus
7.8, a neglected and important citation.

2
. Arrian,
Anabasis
6.19.4.

3
. Nearchus,
Indica
40.8.

4
. P. J. Rhodes and R. G. Osborne,
Greek Historical Inscriptions 404–323
BC
(2000), 433.

5
. Duris, in Athenaeus,
Deipnosophistae
4.155C.

6
. Arrian,
Anabasis
7.26.1.

1
. Abraham J. Sachs and Hermann Hunger,
Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia
, volume I (1988), 207.

2
. Plutarch,
Moralia
180D; I owe an ‘empire of the best’ to Guy Rogers of Wellesley College.

3
. Arrian,
Anabasis
7.12.4.

4
. Diodorus, 18.4.4.

5
. Plutarch,
Life of Demosthenes
31.5.

6
. W. W. Tarn,
Antigonus Gonatas
(1913), 18.

7
. Libanius,
Oration
49.12; earlier, Herodian, 4.8.9.

8
. E. J. Bickermann, in E. Yarshater (ed.),
The Cambridge History of Iran
, volume III (1) (1983), 7, a brilliant overview.

9
. H. W. Parke,
The Oracles of Apollo in Asia Minor
(1985), 44–55, and L. Robert, in
Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique
(1984), 167–72.

10
. Theocritus,
Idyll
14.61.

1
. W. W. Tarn,
Antigonus Gonatas
(1913), 185 and note 60, for all the evidence.

2
. P. Leriche, in
Bulletin d’Études Orientales
(2000), 99–125.

3
. Diodorus, 18.70.1.

4
. E. E. Rice,
The Grand Procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus
(1983) for the details; D. J. Thompson, in Leon Mooren (ed.),
Politics, Administration and Society… Studia Hellenistica
, 36 (2000), 365–88, particularly on the dating problem.

5
. D. B. Thompson,
Troy: The Terracotta Figurines of the Hellenistic Period
(1963), 46.

6
. J. D. Lerner, in
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
, 142 (2003), 45, for the papyrus and the full bibliography.

7
. Dorothy Burr Thompson,
Ptolemaic Oinochoai and Portraits in Faience
(1973), 78, a superb study.

8
. A controversial view, for which I can now cite the full study of P. F. Mittag, in
Historia
(2003), 162–208.

9
. W. Clarysse, in L. Mooren (ed.), op. cit. (n. 4), 29–43 for these visits.

10
. Maryline Parca, in L. Mooren (ed.),
Le Rôle et le statut de la femme
…, Studia Hellenistica 37 (2002), 283–96, for similar aggressive cases concerning women.

1
. J. B. Connelly, in T. Fahd (ed.),
L’Arabie préislamique et son environnement historique et culturel
(1989), 145–58, especially 149–51.

2
. Theophrastus,
‘History’ of Plants
8.4.5.

3
. Pytheas, F7A lines 16–20 (H. J. Mette).

4
. Hippolochus’
Letter
, in Athenaeus 4.128C–130D, a marvellous text which Athenaeus already quotes as a rarely known one.

5
. Theophrastus,
Hist. Plant.
5.8.1–3, on ‘Italy’ and the ‘land of the Latins’, not fully considered by P. M. Fraser, in S. Hornblower (ed.),
Greek Historiography
(1994), 182–5; for Italy, note 2.8.1, 4.5.6 (Italia pasa); 3.17.8 (Lipari isles) and so on.

6
. Theophrastus,
Hist. Plant.
7.11.4.

7
. P. M. Fraser, in
Afghan Studies
, 3–4 (1982) 53, where ‘Alexandreusin en astois’ (obviously acceptable wording for a verse-dedication, not a civic decree) should,
pace
Fraser, be restored.

8
. Diodorus, 1.74; P. M. Fraser,
Ptolemaic Alexandria
, volume I (1972), 502: ‘that is the voice of the anti-democratic Greek as it maybe heard at anytime in the fifth and fourth centuries
BC
.’

9
. I suspect the ‘Callaneus’ in the Milesian ‘parapegma’ (Diels–Rehm no. 456A) really is our ‘Calanos’: text in Liba Taub,
Ancient Meteorology
(2003), 248.

10
. Aristobulus, in Strabo, 15.1.62, amplified by Onesicritus, in Strabo, 15.1.30 and then Diodorus, 19.33; I differ from A. B. Bosworth,
Legacy of Alexander
(2002), 181–4.

11
. Edict 13, in Beni Mahab Barun,
Inscriptions of Asoka
(1990, 2nd edn.).

12
. Heraclides Ponticus, 840F23 (Jacoby) with Fraser, op. cit. (note 5), 186–7.

1
. A. Erskine,
Troy between Greece and Rome
(2001), 131–56, with 149 note 81.

2
. J. G. Pedley,
Paestum
(1990), 120–25; E. Dench,
From Barbarians to New Men
(1995), 64–6; M. W. Frederiksen,
Dialoghi di archeologia
(1968), 3–23.

3
. Aristotle, in Plutarch,
Life of Camillus
22.3; T. J. Cornell,
The Beginnings of Rome
(1995), 315–18, for variants; N. Horsfall, in
Classical Journal
(1981), 298–311.

4
. Diodorus, 14.93.4.

5
. Pliny,
Natural History
34.26, with Dench,
From Barbarians
, 62, notes 142–3.

6
. Polybius, 3.22; Diodorus, 16.69.1 and Livy, 7.27.2; Livy, 9.43.12; I accept
all three and put Polybius’ second treaty in the 340s; for the debate, Cornell,
Beginnings of Rome
, 210–14.

7
. Duris, 76 (Jacoby) F 56.

8
. David Potter, in Harriet I. Flower (ed.),
The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic
(2004), 66–88 is a very important rethink of these issues.

9
. M. H. Crawford,
Roman Statutes
, volume II (1996), 579–703.

10
. A. W. Lintott, in
Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt
, volume I.ii (1972), 226–67.

11
. Livy, 3.26.8.

12
. N. M. Horsfall, in J. N. Bremmer and N. M. Horsfall,
Roman Myth and Mythology
(1987), 68.

13
. M. W. Frederiksen,
Campania
(1984), 183–9.

14
. Appian,
Samnitica
3.7.2; Cassius Dio, 9.F39.5–10.

15
. Appian,
Samnitica
3.7.1 where I side with M. Cary, in
Journal of Philology
(1920), 165–70 against P. Wuilleumier,
Tarente
(1939), 87, 95, 102 in an excellent treatment.

1
. J. P. V. D. Balsdon,
Romans and Aliens
(1979), 30–58, at 33, in a fine treatment.

2
. Cicero,
Pro Flacco
9.14;
Pro Sestio
141.