The Cerebellum: Brain for an Implicit Self (57 page)

developmental dyslexia
,
202

digital dexterity, neuronal mechanisms
,
154-156

disinhibitory pathways, basal ganglia components
,
210

divisions

brain,
2

cerebellar cortex,
2
,
23-24

cerebral cortex,
2

cerebrum,
2

lobules I-X,
23

DMFC (dorsomedial frontal cortex)
,
165-166

DNER (Delta/Notch-like EGF-related receptor)
,
57

dorsal accessory olive (DAO) subdivision
,
63

dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT)
,
60

dorsomedial frontal cortex (DMFC)
,
165-166

Dow
, Robert,
43

DSCT (dorsal spinocerebellar tract)
,
60

dual memory mechanism model
,
102

dysmetria
,
26

EAAT4
,
57

Eccles, John, excitatory and inhibitory neurons
,
29

efference copy
,
142

EPSCs (excitatory postsynaptic currents)
,
29

EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials)
,
29

equilibrium point hypothesis, myotatic reflexes
,
124

Erasistratus
,
22

evolution

cerebellar circuits,
208-209

lobular structures,
23

excitatory neurons
,
29

excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs)
,
29

excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)
,
29

excitatory projection neurons
,
67

excitatory synapses, cerebellar/vestibular nuclear neurons
,
85

explicit/implicit thoughts
,
197-198

eye movements

saccades,
117-120

voluntary control,
159

DMFC (dorsomedial frontal cortex)
,
165-166

frontal eye field
,
159-165

VOR adaptation,
111-112

eye-blink conditioning
,
132-136

eyeballs, inverse model
,
144-145

fear conditioning, Purkinje cells
,
83

feedback control systems
,
10

feedforward control systems
,
10
,
39

flocculonodular lobe
,
23

flocculus, connection to VOR
,
107-109

Flourens, Jean Pierre
,
26

forward models, voluntary motor control
,
167-170
,
177-178

frontal eye field, voluntary eye movement
,
159

saccades,
163-164

smooth pursuit,
160-162

vergence,
164-165

frontocerebellar circuits, contralateral lateralization
,
194

Fujita, adaptive filter model of the cerebellum
,
34-35

functional stretch reflex
,
126

fusimotor set hypothesis, muscle contractions
,
123

future research
,
205

conjunctive LTD,
205-207

development,
211-212

evolution in cerebellar circuits,
208-209

internal models,
208

IO function,
207

motor actions,
209-210

nuclear memory,
208

G (controlled objects) (control systems)
,
9

g (controllers) (control system)
,
9

G-protein (Gq/11)
,
71

GABA-releasing inhibitory neurons, Purkinje cells
,
30

GABAergic neurons
,
67

gamma-motoneurons, stretch reflex
,
121

GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein), conjunctive LTD
,
79

giant neurons
,
30

gigantocerebellum
,
25

glial cells
, Bergmann,
57-58

glial cells, NG
²⁺
,
58-59

glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), conjunctive LTD
,
79

globular cells (cerebellar cortex granular layer)
,
56-57

GluR δ2 (glutamate receptor δ2), conjunctive LTD
,
76-77

Glutamate, transmission of climbing fibers
,
49

glutamate receptors, conjunctive LTD
,
70
,
76-77

glycinergic neurons
,
67

Golgi cells
,
53-55
,
84

Gq/11 (G-protein)
,
71

Granit
, Ragner,
28

granule cell-Golgi cell loops
,
94-97

granule cells
,
45-46

grasp-lift-hold tasks, neuronal mechanisms
,
155

half-fused control systems
,
13-14

hallucination
,
202

hand grip, voluntary motor control
,
154-156

Hebb
, Donald,
8

history

cerebellar involvement in motor skills,
25-27

cerebellum as neuronal machine

adaptive control
,
38-40

cognitive functions
,
43

discoveries in the 1960s
,
29-30

internal models
,
41-42

LTD (long-term depression)
,
35-37

Marr-Albus model
,
33-35

morphological map of the cerebellum,
22-25

Purkinje cells,
27-28

Holmes
, Gordon,
26

homosynaptic LTD

climbing fiber-Purkinje cell synapses,
83

parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses,
81

hybrid control

reflexes and voluntary movements,
13-14

voluntary movements,
179

Ia muscle afferent
,
121

Ib muscle afferent
,
121-122

IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth factor-1), conjunctive LTD
,
80

imitation hypothesis, integration of reflexes
,
17

imitation learning, mirror neurons
,
189

implicit/explicit thoughts
,
197-198

in vivo
Purkinje cells
,
53

inferior olive-climbing fiber system
,
97-99

information storage capacity, Purkinje cells
,
92

inhibiting mechanism, basal ganglia
,
210

inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs)
,
29

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)
,
29

inhibitory synapses
,
84

inositol-trisphosphate (IP3)
,
71

input pathways, cerebellar cortex
,
44

beaded fibers,
50

climbing fibers,
49-50

granule cells,
45-46

mossy fibers,
44-45

Purkinje cells,
47-49

unipolar brush cells,
46-47

input-specificity, conjunctive LTD
,
70

instruction signals

forward/inverse models,
172-174

voluntary motor control,
157-158

instrumental conditioning, voluntary motor control
,
156-157

insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), conjunctive LTD
,
80

integration of reflexes
,
13

compounded reflexes,
14

half-fused control systems,
13

hybrid control,
13

imitation hypothesis,
17

multi-input control systems,
13