The Cerebellum: Brain for an Implicit Self (56 page)

voluntary motor control

hand grip
,
154-156

instruction signals
,
157-158

load compensation
,
150

multijoint arm movements
,
151-154

operant conditioning
,
156-157

reaction time
,
151

cerebellar cortex

divisions,
2
,
23-24

inhibitory neurons,
51

basket/stellate cells
,
51-53

Bergmann glial cells
,
57-58

Golgi cells
,
53-55

Lugaro cells
,
55-56

small globular cells in granular layer
,
56-57

input and output pathways,
44

beaded fibers
,
50

climbing fibers
,
49-50

granule cells
,
45-46

mossy fibers
,
44-45

Purkinje cells
,
47-49

unipolar brush cells
,
46-47

cerebellar cortical synapses, synaptic plasticity
,
84

cerebellar internal models
,
11
,
196

cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC)
,
99

cerebellar mutism
,
201

cerebellar nuclear neurons
,
67-68

cerebellar roles, motor actions
,
185-187

cerebellar valvula
,
25

cerebellar/vestibular nuclear neurons, synaptic plasticity
,
84-85

cerebellothalamocortical circuit, motor actions
,
186

The Cerebellum and Adaptive Control
,
21

The Cerebellum and Neural Control
,
21

The Cerebellum as a Neuronal Machine
,
30

cerebral cortex

divisions,
2

models for cognitive function,
11
,
195-196

cerebrocerebellar communication loop
,
23
,
41-42
,
168

cerebrum divisions
,
2

circuit models, adaptive control of ocular reflexes
,
142-144

climbing fiber signals

forward/inverse models,
174-175

VOR adaptation,
110-111

climbing fiber-Purkinje cell synapses, homosynaptic LTD
,
83

climbing fibers

conjunctive stimulation,
72

input/output pathways of cerebellar cortex,
49-50

clock model, granule cell-Golgi cell loop
,
95

CMAC (cerebellar model articulation controller)
,
99

CNS (central nervous system)

components,
2

neural networks,
8-9

neuronal circuits

decomposition and reconstruction
,
1-7

neurons and synapses
,
7-8

systems control mechanisms,
9

cognitive functions
,
19-20

feedback control systems
,
10

intelligence and conscious awareness
,
20-21

model-based control systems
,
10-11

reflexes
,
12-18

voluntary movements
,
12-13
,
18-19

codons (Marr)
,
90

cognitive functions
,
19-20
,
193-195

activity in the cerebellum,
198-201

cerebellar internal model for thoughts,
196

cerebellum as a neuronal machine,
43

cerebral cortical model for thoughts,
195-196

explicit/implicit thoughts,
197-198

mental disorders associated with cerebellar dysfunction,
201-203

components of the CNS
,
2

compounded reflexes
,
14-15

conditioned reflex pathway (eye-blink reflex)
,
132

conjunctive LTD (long-term depression)
,
69

motor learning,
206-207

properties,
69-71

signal transduction pathways,
71

AMPA receptors
,
74-75

brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
,
80

c-Fos/Jun-B
,
79

Ca
²⁺
surge in Purkinje cell dendrites
,
71-74

Ca
²⁺
/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII)
,
78

glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
,
79

glutamate receptor δ2 (GluR δ2)
,
76-77

insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
,
80

Nitric oxide (NO) synthase
,
75-76

PKCα and lipid-signaling cascade
,
74

protein phosphatases
,
78

protein tyrosine kinases
,
77

synaptic plasticity,
205-206

conscious awareness
,
20-21

context dependencies, functional stretch reflex
,
126

contralateral inferior olive complex
,
63-65

contralateral lateralization, frontocerebellar circuits
,
194

control systems
,
9

adaptive

cognitive functions
,
193-203

eye-blink conditioning
,
132-136

locomotion
,
130-132

models
,
139-149

nociceptive withdrawal reflex
,
127-128

OKR (Optokinetic Eye-Movement Response)
,
114

saccades
,
119-120

sympathetic reflexes
,
136-138

VOR (Vestibuloocular Reflex)
,
107-112

cognitive functions,
19-20
,
193-194

activity in the cerebellum
,
198-201

cerebellar internal model for thoughts
,
196

cerebral cortical model for thoughts
,
195-196

explicit/implicit thoughts
,
197-198

mental disorders associated with cerebellar dysfunction
,
201-203

combination with microcomplexes,
176

feedback control systems,
10

intelligence and conscious awareness,
20-21

model-based control systems,
10-11

reflexes,
12-18

voluntary movements,
12-13
,
18-19

controlled objects (G) (control systems)
,
9

controllers (g) (control systems)
,
9

convergence, Purkinje cells, climbing and parallel fibers
,
32

cortico-nuclear microcomplex
,
102

CPG (central pattern generator) mechanism
,
15

Craik’s mental models
,
195

CREB (Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein)
,
88-89

crus I and crus II, eye movements
,
159

cuneocerebellar tract
,
62

curly cells (inferior olive complex)
,
64

Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB)
,
88-89

DAG (1, 2-diacylglycerol)
,
71

DAO (dorsal accessory olive) subdivision
,
63

declarative memory
,
20

decomposition, neuronal circuits
,
1-7

defective central coherence
,
202

Deiters neurons
,
126

Deiters
, Otto,
30

Delta/Notch-like EGF-related receptor (DNER)
,
57

Descartes, René, clock metaphor for complex mechanisms
,
1

descending control, stretch reflex
,
124-126

development
,
211-212