Stamped From the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (87 page)

15
. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips,
American Negro Slavery
(New York: D. Appleton, 1929), 8; John David Smith,
Slavery, Race, and American History: Historical Conflict, Trends, and Method, 1866–1953
(Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe), x–xii, 28, 29.

16
. Joseph Moreau,
Schoolbook Nation: Conflicts over American History Textbooks from the Civil War to the Present
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003), 163–174; Will Kaufman,
The Civil War in American Culture
(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006), 28–29.

17
. Booker T. Washington,
Up from Slavery: An Autobiography
(New York: Doubleday, Page, 1901).

18
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868–1919
, 262–264.

19
. William Hannibal Thomas,
The American Negro: What He Was, What He Is, and What He May Become
(New York: Macmillan, 1901), 129, 195, 296, 410; John David Smith,
Black Judas: William Hannibal Thomas and the American Negro
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000), 161–164, 177–178, 185–189.

20
. Addie Hunton, “Negro Womanhood Defended,”
Voice
1, no. 7 (1904): 280; Smith,
Black Judas
, xxvi, 206–209; Muhammad,
Condemnation of Blackness
, 79–81.

21
. Clarence Lusane,
The Black History of the White House
, Open Media Series (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 2011), 225–233; Seth M. Scheiner, “President Theodore Roosevelt and the Negro, 1901–1908,”
Journal of Negro History
47, no. 3 (1962): 171–172; Stephen Kantrowitz,
Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000); 259; Charles Carroll,
The Negro a Beast; Or, In the Image of God
(Miami: Mnemosyn, 1969).

22
. Aptheker,
Anti-Racism in U.S. History
, 25; James Weldon Johnson,
Along This Way: The Autobiography of James Weldon Johnson
(Boston: Da Capo, 2000), 203; W. E. B. Du Bois,
The Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches
(Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1903), 11–12.

23
. Ibid., 3–4, 11.

24
. Ibid., 53.

25
. W. E. B. Du Bois, “The Talented Tenth,” in
The Negro Problem: A Series of Articles by Representative American Negroes of Today
(New York: James Pott, 1903), 43–45.

26
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868–1919
, 291–294; Carl Kelsey, “Review of
The Souls of Black Folk
, by W. E. B. Du Bois,”
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
22 (1903): 230–232.

CHAPTER 24: GREAT WHITE HOPES

1
. Sander Gilman,
Jewish Frontiers: Essays on Bodies, Histories, and Identities
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 89.

2
. W. E. B. Du Bois, ed.,
The Health and Physique of the American Negro
(Atlanta: Atlanta University Press, 1906).

3
. Michael Yudell,
Race Unmasked: Biology and Race in the Twentieth Century
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2014), 48–49; W. E. B. Du Bois,
Black Folk Then and Now: An Essay in the History and Sociology of the Negro Race
(New York: Henry Holt, 1939), vii.

4
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868–1919
, 331–333; Theodore Roosevelt, “Sixth Annual Message,” December 3, 1906, at Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, American Presidency Project,
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29547
.

5
. Lester Frank Ward,
Pure Sociology: A Treatise on the Origin and Spontaneous Development of Society
(New York: Macmillan, 1921), 359; James Elbert Cutler,
Lynch Law: An Investigation into the History of Lynching in the United States
(New York: Longman, Green, 1905), 269; W. E. B. Du Bois, “Some Notes on Negro Crime,” Atlanta University Publications (Atlanta: Atlanta University Press, 1904), 56.

6
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868–1919
, 332.

7
. Geoffrey C. Ward,
Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004), 98–100, 130–133, 137–139, 144–145, 422–424.

8
. John Gilbert,
Knuckles and Gloves
(London: W. Collins Sons, 1922), 45; González and Torres,
News for All the People
, 209–211; Ward,
Unforgivable Blackness
, 115–116.

9
. Keim,
Mistaking Africa
, 48; Emily S. Rosenberg,
Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900–1930
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003), 201–203.

10
. Du Bois,
Autobiography
, 227–229.

11
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868–1919
, 386–402.

12
. Charles Benedict Davenport,
Heredity in Relation to Eugenics
(New York: Henry Holt, 1911), 1; Yudell,
Race Unmasked
, 31–40; Dorothy E. Roberts,
Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1997), 61–62, 66–68.

13
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868–1919
, 413–414.

14
. Franz Boas,
The Mind of Primitive Man
(New York: Macmillan, 1921), 127–128, 272–273; Lee D. Baker,
Anthropology and the Racial Politics of Culture
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010), 24.

15
. Giddings,
Ida
, 479–480.

16
.
The Crisis
, June 1911.

17
. W. E. B. Du Bois, “Hail Columbia!” in
W. E. B. Du Bois: A Reader
, 295–296.

18
. Nannie H. Burroughs, “Not Color but Character,”
Voice of the Negro
1 (1904), 277–278.

19
. Giddings,
When and Where I Enter
, 122–123; N. H. Burroughs, “Black Women and Reform,”
The Crisis
, August 1915.

20
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868–1919
, 419–424; Woodrow Wilson,
Division and Reunion, 1829–1909
(New York: Longman, Green, 1910).

21
. Blum and Harvey,
The Color of Christ
, 141–142.

22
. Louis R. Harlan,
Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskegee, 1901–1915
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 431–435; Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868–1919
, 460–463, 501–509; Ed Guerrero,
Framing Blackness: The African American Image in Film
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993), 10–17; W. E. B. Du Bois,
The Negro
(New York: Cosimo, 2010), 82.

CHAPTER 25: THE BIRTH OF A NATION

1
. W. E. B. Du Bois, “‘Refinement and Love,’”
The Crisis
, December 1916.

2
. Wilkerson,
The Warmth of Other Suns
, 8–15, 36–46, 160–168, 177–179, 217–221, 237–241, 249–251, 348–350; Carter G. Woodson,
A Century of Negro Migration
(Washington, DC: Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, 1918), 180.

3
. David Levering Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919–1963
(New York: Henry Holt, 1993), 50–55.

4
. Edward Byron Reuter,
The Mulatto in the United States
(Boston: Gorham Press, 1918), 58.

5
. Somerville, “Scientific Racism and the Emergence of the Homosexual Body,” 256–263.

6
. Madison Grant,
The Passing of the Great Race; Or, The Racial Basis of European History
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1918), 16, 193, 226.

7
. Jonathan Peter Spiro,
Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant
(Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England, 2009), 356–357.

8
. Lewis M. Terman,
The Measure of Intelligence: An Explanation of and a Complete Guide for the Use of the Standard Revision and Extension of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale
(New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1916), 92.

9
. Gossett,
Race
, 374–377.

10
. W. E. B. Du Bois, “Reconstruction and Africa,”
The Crisis
, February 1919; Du Bois,
Dusk of Dawn
, 137.

11
. Ira Katznelson,
When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2005), 84–86.

12
. Cameron McWhirter,
Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America
(New York: Henry Holt, 2011), 10, 12–17, 56–59; Claude McKay, “If We Must Die,” Poetry Foundation,
www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/173960
.

13
. Giddings,
When and Where I Enter
, 184.

14
. Davis,
Women, Race & Class
, 123–125; Moreno,
Black Americans and Organized Labor
, 107–111; Timothy Johnson, “‘Death for Negro Lynching!’: The Communist Party, USA’s Position on the African American Question,”
American Communist History
7, no. 2 (2008): 243–247.

15
. Earl Ofari Hutchinson,
Blacks and Reds: Race and Class in Conflict, 1919–1990
(East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1995).

16
. W. E. B. Du Bois,
Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Howe, 1920), 39, 73.

17
. Ibid., 166, 168, 185–186.

18
. White,
Too Heavy a Load
, 125–128.

19
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 20–23.

20
. Ibid., 62–67; Edmund David Cronon,
Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), 64–67.

21
. Russell-Cole et al.,
The Color Complex
, 26, 30–32; Giddings,
When and Where I Enter
, 178; Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 66–71.

22
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 70–76.