Stamped From the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (86 page)

21
. Moreno,
Black Americans and Organized Labor
, 45–67.

22
. Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 222–227; Irons,
A People’s History of the Supreme Court
, 206–209; Foner,
Reconstruction
, 575–596.

23
. George B. Tindall,
South Carolina Negroes, 1877–1900
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1952), 12; Wade Hampton, “Ought the Negro to Be Defranchised? Ought He to Have Been Enfranchised?”
North American Review
168 (1879): 241–243.

24
. Isabel Wilkerson,
The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration
(New York: Random House, 2010), 39.

25
. Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 228; Foner,
Reconstruction
, 598–602; Mayer,
All on Fire
, 624–626.

CHAPTER 21: RENEWING THE SOUTH

1
. W. E. B. Du Bois,
Black Reconstruction in America: An Essay Towards a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880
(New York: Atheneum, 1971), 30.

2
. David Levering Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919
(New York: Henry Holt, 1993), 11–37.

3
. Washington,
Medical Apartheid
, 152–153.

4
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868–1919
, 31–40.

5
. Irons,
A People’s History of the Supreme Court
, 209–215.

6
. Henry W. Grady,
The New South
(New York: Robert Bonner’s Sons, 1890), 146, 152; Atticus G. Haygood,
Pleas for Progress
(Cincinnati: M. E. Church, 1889), 28;
Our Brother in Black: His Freedom and His Future
(New York: Phillips and Hunt, 1881).

7
. Thomas U. Dudley, “How Shall We Help the Negro?”
Century Magazine
30 (1885): 273–280; George Washington Cable,
The Silent South, Together with the Freedman’s Case in Equity and the Convict Lease System
(New York: Scribner’s, 1885); Henry W. Grady, “In Plain Black and White: A Reply to Mr. Cable,”
Century Magazine
29 (1885), 911.

8
. “Two Colored Graduates,”
Philadelphia Daily News
, February 22, 1888.

9
. Robert L. Dabney,
A Defense of Virginia
(New York: E. J. Hale and Son, 1867); Thomas Nelson Page,
In Ole Virginia; or, Marse Chan and Other Stories
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1887); Philip Alexander Bruce,
The Plantation Negro as a Freeman: Observations on His Character, Condition, and Prospects in Virginia
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1889), 53–57.

10
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868–1919
, 51–76.

11
. “Review of
History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880
, by George W. Williams,”
Magazine of American History
9, no. 4 (1883): 299–300.

12
. George W. Williams,
History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1885), 1:60, 2:451, 548.

13
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868–1919
, 76–78; W. E. B. Du Bois,
The Autobiography of W. E. B. Du Bois: A Soliloquy on Viewing My Life from the Last Decade of Its First Century
(New York: International Publishers, 1968), 142.

14
. Benjamin Harrison, “First Annual Message,” December 3, 1889, in Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project,
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29530
.

CHAPTER 22: SOUTHERN HORRORS

1
. Fredrickson,
The Black Image in the White Mind
, 262–268.

2
. Edward Wilmot Blyden, “The African Problem, and the Method of Its Solution,”
African Repository
66, no. 3 (1890): 69; Henry M. Stanley,
Through the Dark Continent
(New York: Harper and Brothers, 1878); Joseph Conrad,
Heart of Darkness
(New York: Penguin, 2007), 41.

3
. Thomas Adams Upchurch,
Legislating Racism: The Billion Dollar Congress and the Birth of Jim Crow
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004), 23–45; Keim,
Mistaking Africa
, 47–53.

4
. Mary Frances Berry,
My Face Is Black Is True: Callie House and the Struggle for Ex-Slave Reparations
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 33–49, 75–80.

5
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868–1919
, 100–102.

6
. Albert Bushnell Hart,
The Southern South
(New York: D. Appleton, 1910), 99–105, 134; Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868–1919
, 111–113.

7
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868–1919
, 116.

8
. Upchurch,
Legislating Racism
, 85–128.

9
. August Meier,
Negro Thought in America, 1880–1915
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1963), 192.

10
. Giddings,
When and Where I Enter
, 123–125; Moreno,
Black Americans and Organized Labor
, 68–81, 93–96, 99–100.

11
. Giddings,
When and Where I Enter
, 18; Ida B. Wells,
Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases
(New York: New York Age, 1892),
www.gutenberg.org/files/14975/14975-h/14975-h.htm
; Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 231–232.

12
. Giddings,
When and Where I Enter
, 81–83; Anna Julia Cooper,
A Voice from the South
(Xenia, OH: Aldine, 1892), 34, 134.

13
. Wells,
Southern Horrors
.

14
. Deborah Gray White,
Too Heavy a Load: Black Women in Defense of Themselves, 1894–1994
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 22–27, 71, 78, 109.

15
. Geoffrey C. Ward,
Before the Trumpet: Young Roosevelt
(New York: Harper and Row, 1985), 215–216.

16
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868–1919
, 144–149.

17
. W. E. B. Du Bois, “My Evolving Program for Negro Freedom,” in
What the Negro Wants
, ed. Rayford W. Logan (New York: Agathon, 1969), 70.

18
. For Washington’s private civil rights activism, see David H. Jackson,
Booker T. Washington and the Struggle Against White Supremacy: The Southern Educational Tours, 1908–1912
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008); David H. Jackson,
A Chief Lieutenant of the Tuskegee Machine: Charles Banks of Mississippi
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002).

19
. Booker T. Washington, “Atlanta Compromise Speech,” 1895,
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/39/
.

20
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868–1919
, 174–175.

21
. Paula Giddings,
Ida: A Sword Among Lions—Ida B. Wells and the Campaign Against Lynching
(New York: Amistad, 2009), 366–367.

22
. Irons,
A People’s History of the Supreme Court
, 219–232; Woodward,
American Counterpoint
, 230–232.

23
. See Robert H. Wiebe,
The Search for Order, 1877–1920
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1967).

CHAPTER 23: BLACK JUDASES

1
. Havelock Ellis,
Studies in the Psychology of Sex
, vol. 1 (London: Wilson and Macmillan, 1897), x.

2
. Siobhan Somerville, “Scientific Racism and the Emergence of the Homosexual Body,”
Journal of the History of Sexuality
5, no. 2 (1994): 244–259.

3
. Frederick L. Hoffman,
Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro
(New York: Macmillan, 1896), 311–312.

4
. W. E. B Du Bois, “Review of Race Traits and Tendencies, by Frederick L. Hoffman,”
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
9 (1897): 130–132; Khalil Gibran Muhammad,
The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 61–65, 78.

5
. W. E. B. Du Bois, “The Conservation of Races,” in
W. E. B. Du Bois: A Reader
, ed. David Levering Lewis (New York: Henry Holt, 1995), 20–27.

6
. W. E. B. Du Bois,
The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1899), 68, 387–389; “Review of
The Philadelphia Negro
, by W. E. B. Du Bois,”
American Historical Review
6, no. 1 (1900): 162–164.

7
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868–1919
, 238–239.

8
. González and Torres,
News for All the People
, 157–160; W. Fitzhugh Brundage, “The Darien ‘Insurrection’ of 1899: Black Protest During the Nadir of Race Relations,”
Georgia Historical Quarterly
74, no. 2 (1990): 234–253; W. E. B. Du Bois,
Dusk of Dawn
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 34; Du Bois, “My Evolving Program,” 70.

9
. W. E. B. Du Bois, “To the Nation of the World,” in
W. E. B. Du Bois: A Reader
, 639–641.

10
. Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden,”
McClure’s Magazine
, February 1899.

11
. Fredrickson,
The Black Image in the White Mind
, 305–310; González and Torres,
News for All the People
, 178–179.

12
. Roediger,
How Race Survived U.S. History
, 141–142, 156–158, 160; Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton,
American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 29.

13
. George H. White, “Farewell Speech,” in Benjamin R. Justesen,
George Henry White: An Even Chance in the Race of Life
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001), 441.

14
. Howard K. Beale, “On Rewriting Reconstruction History,”
American Historical Review
45, no. 4 (1940): 807; William Archibald Dunning,
Reconstruction, Political and Economic, 1865–1877
(New York: Harper and Brothers, 1907), 212.