Stamped From the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (89 page)

4
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 451–452; King,
Race, Culture, and the Intellectuals
, 132–133.

5
. Gunnar Myrdal,
An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy
, vol. 2 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1944), 751–752, 928–929.

6
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 510–515.

7
. Fleeger, “Theodore G. Bilbo and the Decline of Public Racism,” 2–3.

8
. Ibid., 1–4, 8, 13–27; Theodore G. Bilbo,
Take Your Choice: Separation or Mongrelization
(Poplarville, MS: Dream House, 1947), 7–8.

9
. Morton,
Disfigured Images
, 90–91.

10
. M. F. Ashley Montagu,
Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1945), 150–151; Degler,
In Search of Human Nature
, 80, 216–218; Zoë Burkholder,
Color in the Classroom: How American Schools Taught Race, 1900–1954
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 4–11, 39–95; Yudell,
Race Unmasked
, 132–137.

11
. Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ashley Montagu, “Natural Selection and the Mental Capacities of Mankind,”
Science
105, no. 2736 (1947): 587–590; Hamilton Cravens, “What’s New in Science and Race Since the 1930s? Anthropologists and Racial Essentialism,”
The Historian
72, no. 2 (2010): 315–318; Yudell,
Race Unmasked
, 111–132, 201–202.

12
. UNESCO,
Four Statements on the Race Question
, UNESCO and Its Programme (Paris: UNESCO, 1969), 30–43; Yudell,
Race Unmasked
, 148–167; Roberts,
Fatal Invention
, 43–45.

13
. Harry S. Truman, “Address Before a Joint Session of Congress,” March 12, 1947, The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History, and Diplomacy, Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School,
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/trudoc.asp
; Mary L. Dudziak,
Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 26–46.

14
. President’s Committee on Civil Rights,
To Secure These Rights
, 1947, 139, 147, Harry S. Truman Library and Museum,
www.trumanlibrary.org/civilrights/srights1.htm#contents
; Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 529.

15
. Harry S. Truman, “Special Message to the Congress on Civil Rights,” February 2, 1948, at Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project,
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=13006
; Robert A. Caro,
Means of Ascent: The Years of Lyndon Johnson
, vol. 2 (New York: Vintage, 1990), 125; Francis Njubi Nesbitt,
Race for Sanctions: African Americans Against Apartheid, 1946–1994
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), 9–10.

16
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 522–524, 528–534; Hutchinson,
Betrayed
, 62–70; Dudziak,
Cold War Civil Rights
, 43–46, 79–86.

17
. Dudziak,
Cold War Civil Rights
, 91–102.

18
. Thomas J. Sugrue,
The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit
, Princeton Studies in American Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), 181–258; Massey and Denton,
American Apartheid
, 49–51.

19
. Massey and Denton,
American Apartheid
, 44–49; Katznelson,
When Affirmative Action Was White
, 113–141.

20
. Karen Brodkin,
How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998), 35–36; Burkholder,
Color in the Classroom
, 137–170; Nell Irvin Painter,
The History of White People
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), 366–372.

21
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 545–554; Dudziak,
Cold War Civil Rights
, 6, 11–15, 28–29, 88–90.

22
. Dudziak,
Cold War Civil Rights
, 63–66.

23
. Ibid., 47–77.

24
. Ibid., 77–78.

25
. Ibid., 79, 90–91; Hutchinson,
Betrayed
, 75–76.

26
. Abrahm Kardiner and Lionel Ovesey,
The Mark of Oppression
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1951).

27
.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
, 347 U.S. 483 (1954),
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/347/483/case.html#T10
.

28
. Zora Neale Hurston, “Court Order Can’t Make Races Mix,”
Orlando Sentinel
, August 11, 1955; Boyd,
Wrapped in Rainbows
, 423–425.

29
. Dudziak,
Cold War Civil Rights
, 102–114; Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 557; Giddings,
When and Where I Enter
, 261.

CHAPTER 29: MASSIVE RESISTANCE

1
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 557; Lewis V. Baldwin,
There Is a Balm in Gilead: The Cultural Roots of Martin Luther King, Jr
. (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1991), 45.

2
. E. Franklin Frazier,
Black Bourgeoisie
(New York: Free Press, 1962), 4, 221; E. Franklin Frazier, “The Failure of the Negro Intellectual,” in
On Race Relations: Selected Writings of E. Franklin Frazier
, ed. G. Franklin Edwards (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), 270, 277; Stanley M. Elkins,
Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959).

3
. Malcolm X. “The Root of Civilization,” Audio Clip,
http://shemsubireda.tumblr.com/post/55982230511/africa-is-a-jungleaint-that-what-they-say
.

4
. Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham,
Righteous Discontent: The Women’s Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880–1920
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994); Frazier,
Black Bourgeoisie
, 25.

5
. Hutchinson,
Betrayed
, 84–87, 93; Dudziak,
Cold War Civil Rights
, 115–151; Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 277–278.

6
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 558–566.

7
. Ibid., 557–558; Blum and Harvey,
The Color of Christ
, 205–213.

8
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 566.

9
. Isaac Saney, “The Case Against
To Kill a Mockingbird,” Race & Class
45, no. 1 (2003): 99–110.

10
. Michaal Harrington,
The Other America
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 72, 76.

11
. Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963
, 565–570.

12
. Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 281–283; Dudziak,
Cold War Civil Rights
, 155–166.

13
. Dan T. Carter,
The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000), 96.

14
. “The Inaugural Address of Governor George C. Wallace,” January 14, 1963,
http://media.al.com/spotnews/other/George%20Wallace%201963%20Inauguration%20Speech.pdf
.

15
. Oscar Handlin, “All Colors, All Creeds, All Nationalities, All New Yorkers,”
New York Times
, September 22, 1963.

16
. Nathan Glazer and Daniel P. Moynihan,
Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City
(Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1963), 11, 35, 50–53, 84–85.

17
. Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” April 16, 1963,
https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html
.

18
. Dudziak,
Cold War Civil Rights
, 169–187.

19
. Ibid., 187–200, 216–219; Du Bois,
W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868–1919
, 2.

CHAPTER 30: THE ACT OF CIVIL RIGHTS

1
. Angela Y. Davis,
Angela Davis: An Autobiography
(New York: International Publishers, 1988), 128–131.

2
. Ibid., 77–99.

3
. Ibid., 101–112.

4
. James Baldwin,
The Fire Next Time
(New York: Vintage, 1963).

5
. Davis,
Autobiography
, 117–127.

6
. Ibid., 128–131.

7
. John F. Kennedy, “Statement by the President on the Sunday Bombing in Birmingham,” September 16, 1963, Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project,
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9410
.

8
. Lyndon B. Johnson, “Address to a Joint Session of Congress,” November 27, 1963,
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963–64
, vol. 1, entry 11 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1965), 8–10.

9
. Ossie Davis, “Eulogy for Malcolm X,” in
Say It Loud: Great Speeches on Civil Rights and African American Identity
, ed. Catherine Ellis and Stephen Smith (New York: New Press, 2010).

10
. Malcolm X and Alex Haley,
The Autobiography of Malcolm X
(New York: Ballantine, 1999), 369.

11
. Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 290.

12
. Moreno,
Black Americans and Organized Labor
, 252–258.

13
. Michael K. Brown et al,
Whitewashing Race: The Myth of a Color-Blind Society
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 168–174.

14
. Dudziak,
Cold War Civil Rights
, 208–214, 219–231; Malcolm X, “Appeal to African Heads of State,” in
Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements
, ed. George Breitman (New York: Grove Press, 1965), 76.

15
. Carter,
The Politics of Rage
, 344.