Stamped From the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (83 page)

26
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 195; Russel B. Nye,
William Lloyd Garrison and the Humanitarian Reformers
, Library of American Biography (Boston: Little, Brown, 1955), 81–82.

CHAPTER 14: IMBRUTED OR CIVILIZED

1
. George M. Fredrickson,
The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817–1914
(Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1987), 103–104; Connolly,
Slavery in American Children’s Literature
, 26–30.

2
. Ronald Bailey, “‘Those Valuable People, the Africans’: The Economic Impact of the Slave(ry) Trade on Textile Industrialization in New England,” in
The Meaning of Slavery in the North
, ed. David Roediger and Martin H. Blatt (New York: Garland, 1998), 13; Christine Stansell,
City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789–1860
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 83–100; Jones,
Dreadful Deceit
, 107; Bertram Wyatt-Brown, “The Abolitionists’ Postal Campaign of 1835,”
Journal of Negro History
50, no. 4 (1965): 227–238; González and Torres,
News for All the People
, 39–40, 46–47; Mayer,
All on Fire
, 196–199; Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 146–147, 149; Tise,
Proslavery
, 279, 308–310.

3
. John C. Calhoun, “Speech on Slavery,” US Senate,
Congressional Globe
, 24th Cong., 2nd sess. (February 6, 1837), 157–159.

4
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 218.

5
.
Colored American
, June 1, 1839.

6
. Calvin Colton,
Abolition a Sedition
(Philadelphia: G. W. Donohue, 1839), 126; William Ragan Stanton,
The Leopard’s Spots: Scientific Attitudes toward Race in America, 1815–59
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), 24–25.

7
. Samuel George Morton,
Crania Americana
(Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1839), 1–7.

8
. Ann Fabian,
The Skull Collectors: Race, Science, and America’s Unburied Dead
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 24, 81–82, 90; “Crania Americana,”
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
21, no. 22 (1840): 357; “Review,”
American Journal of Science and Arts
38, no. 2 (1840): 341; Sven Lindqvist,
The Skull Measurer’s Mistake: And Other Portraits of Men and Women Who Spoke Out Against Racism
(New York: New Press, 1997), 44–47.

9
. Edward Jarvis, “Statistics of Insanity in the United States,”
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
27, no. 7 (1842): 116–121.

10
. “Vital Stastitics of Negroes and Mulattoes,”
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
27, no. 10 (1842); Stanton,
The Leopard’s Spots
, 65–68.

11
. Edward Jarvis, “Insanity Among the Coloured Population of the Free States,”
American Journal of Medical Sciences
6, no. 13 (1844): 71–83.

12
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 326; Nye,
William Lloyd Garrison
, 148–149.

13
. Stanton,
The Leopard’s Spots
, 45–53, 60–65; Fredrickson,
The Black Image in the White Mind
, 74–75; H. Shelton Smith,
In His Image: But
. . .
Racism in Southern Religion, 1780–1910
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1972), 144; Litwack,
North of Slavery
, 46.

14
. Fergus M. Bordewich,
Bound for Canaan: The Underground Railroad and the War for the Soul of America
(New York: Amistad, 2005), 224–226.

15
. Frederick Douglass,
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), 3, 4, 6, 8, 9; Mayer,
All on Fire
, 350–352.

16
. Connolly,
Slavery in American Children’s Literature
, 35, 38; Stanton,
The Leopard’s Spots
, 68–72, 97–99; Josiah Clark Nott,
Two Lectures on the Natural History of the Caucasian and Negro Races
(Mobile: Dade and Thompson, 1844), 38; E. G. Squier, “American Ethnology,”
American Review
9 (1849): 385–398.

17
. Michael T. Bernath,
Confederate Minds: The Struggle for Intellectual Independence in the Civil War South
, Civil War America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), 83–84; González and Torres,
News for All the People
, 138.

18
. Samuel A. Cartwright, “Report on the Diseases and Physical Peculiarities of the Negro Race,”
De Bow’s Review
7 (1851), 692–696.

19
. Washington,
Medical Apartheid
, 55, 57, 61–68.

20
. González and Torres,
News for All the People
, 118–119.

21
. Litwack,
North of Slavery
, 47–48; James D. Bilotta,
Race and the Rise of the Republican Party, 1848–1865
(New York: P. Lang, 1992), 83–99.

22
. Patricia A. Schechter, “Free and Slave Labor in the Old South: The Tredegar Ironworkers’ Strike of 1847,”
Labor History
35, no. 2 (1994): 165–186.

23
. William Lloyd Garrison, “Complexional Prejudice,” in
Selections from the Writings and Speeches of William Lloyd Garrison
(New York: Negro Universities Press, 1968), 286–288.

24
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 393.

25
. John Bachman,
The Doctrine of the Unity of the Human Race Examined on the Principles of Science
(Charleston, SC: C. Canning, 1850), 91, 212.

26
. Peter A. Browne,
The Classification of Mankind, by the Hair and Wool of Their Heads
(Philadelphia, 1850), 1, 8, 20; M. H. Freeman, “The Educational Wants of the Free Colored People,”
Anglo-African Magazine
, April 1859.

27
. Henry Clay, “Remark in Senate,” in
The Papers of Henry Clay: Candidate, Compromiser, Elder Statesman, January 1, 1844–June 29, 1852
, vol. 10, ed. Melba Porter Hay (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2015), 815.

28
. Henry Clay, “Remark in Senate,” in ibid., 815.

CHAPTER 15: SOUL

1
. Joan D. Hedrick,
Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 202–205.

2
. Giddings,
When and Where I Enter
, 54–55, 132–133.

3
. Hedrick,
Harriet Beecher Stowe
, 206–207.

4
. Harriet Beecher Stowe,
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
(London: George Bell and Sons, 1889), iii, 193.

5
.
A Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Presenting the Original Facts and Documents upon Which the Story Is Founded
(London: Sampson Low, Son and Company, 1853), 52; Stowe,
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
, 327.

6
. Stephan Talty,
Mulatto America: At the Crossroads of Black and White Culture. A Social History
(New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 22–24.

7
. Stowe,
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
, 80, 473; Millard Fillmore, “Mr. Fillmore’s Views Relating to Slavery,” in
Millard Fillmore Papers
, vol. 1, ed. Frank H. Severance (Buffalo: Buffalo Historical Society, 1907), 320–324.

8
. William Lloyd Garrison, “Review of Uncle Tom’s Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly,”
The Liberator
, March 26, 1852.

9
. Frederick Douglass,
The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass: From 1817–1882
(London: Christian Age Office, 1882), 250.

10
. Martin Robison Delany,
The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States, Politically Considered
(Philadelphia, 1852), 10, 24–27.

11
. Giddings,
When and Where I Enter
, 60–61; Christian G. Samito,
Changes in Law and Society During the Civil War and Reconstruction: A Legal History Documentary Reader
(Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2009), 17.

12
. Connolly,
Slavery in American Children’s Literature
, 69–76; “Southern Slavery and Its Assailants: The Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin,”
De Bow’s Review
, November 1853.

13
. Franklin Pierce, “Address by Franklin Pierce, 1853,” Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies,
www.inaugural.senate.gov/swearing-in/address/address-by-franklin-pierce-1853
; Mayer,
All on Fire
, 425–427.

14
. Josiah Clark Nott and George R. Gliddon,
Types of Mankind
, 7th ed. (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, Grambo, 1855), v, 60.

15
. John H. Van Evrie,
Negroes and Negro “Slavery”: The First an Inferior Race: The Latter Its Normal Condition
, 3rd ed. (New York: Van Evrie, Horton, 1963), 221; Thomas F. Gossett,
Race: The History of an Idea in America
, new ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 342–346; Stanton,
The Leopard’s Spots
, 174–175.

16
. Carolyn L. Karcher, “Melville’s ‘the ‘Gees’: A Forgotten Satire on Scientific Racism,”
American Quarterly
27, no. 4 (1975): 425, 430–431.

17
. Waldo E. Martin,
The Mind of Frederick Douglass
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 229.

18
. James McCune Smith, “On the Fourteenth Query of Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on Virginia,”
The Anglo-African Magazine
, August 1859.

19
. Frederick Douglass,
The Claims of the Negro, Ethnologically Considered
(Rochester, NY: Lee, Mann, 1854); Wilson Jeremiah Moses,
Afrotopia: The Roots of African American Popular History
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 111–113.

20
. William Lloyd Garrison, “Types of Mankind,”
The Liberator
, October 13, 1854.

21
. “Frederick Douglass and His Paper,”
The Liberator
, September 23, 1853.

22
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 431–434.

CHAPTER 16: THE IMPENDING CRISIS

1
. Eric Foner,
The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), 65–67.