Stamped From the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (82 page)

12
. Tise,
Proslavery
, 42–52, 142–143, 384; Robert Walsh,
Appeal from the Judgements of Great Britain Respecting the United States of America
, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia, 1819), 397, 409–411.

13
. Meacham,
Thomas Jefferson
, xix.

14
. Randall,
Thomas Jefferson
, 585; Bedini,
Thomas Jefferson
, 396; Meacham,
Thomas Jefferson
, 446–448.

15
. Bedini,
Thomas Jefferson
, 379–380, 402, 403, 416, 429–432, 437.

16
. Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 107–108.

CHAPTER 12: COLONIZATION

1
. Aptheker,
American Negro Slave Revolts
, 222–223.

2
. Tise,
Proslavery
, 58.

3
. Philip Slaughter,
The Virginian History of African Colonization
(Richmond: Macfarlane and Fergusson, 1855), 1–8; Eric Burin,
Slavery and the Peculiar Solution: A History of the American Colonization Society
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005), 10–11.

4
. Charles Fenton Mercer,
An Exposition of the Weakness and Inefficiency of the Government of the United States of North America
(n.p., 1845), 173, 284.

5
. Douglas R. Egerton, “‘Its Origin Is Not a Little Curious: A New Look at the American Colonization Society,”
Journal of the Early Republic
4 (1985): 468–472.

6
. Robert Finley, “Thoughts on the Colonization of Free Blacks,”
African Repository and Colonial Journal
9 (1834): 332–334.

7
. Scott L. Malcomson,
One Drop of Blood: The American Misadventure of Race
(New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2000), 191; Finley, “Thoughts on the Colonization of Free Blacks,” 332–334.

8
. Tibebu Teshale,
Hegel and the Third World: The Making of Eurocentrism in World History
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2011), 74–76, 79, 80, 83, 87, 89, 171, 174, 178–179.

9
. Egerton, “‘Its Origin Is Not a Little Curious,’” 476, 480.

10
. Burin,
Slavery and the Peculiar Solution
, 15–16; Douglas R. Egerton, “Averting a Crisis: The Proslavery Critique of the American Colonization Society,”
Civil War History
42 (1997): 143–144.

11
. Litwack,
North of Slavery
, 34–39.

12
. Myron O. Stachiw, “‘For the Sake of Commerce’: Slavery, Antislavery, and Northern Industry,” in
The Meaning of Slavery in the North
, ed. David Roediger and Martin H. Blatt (New York: Garland, 1998), 35.

13
. David Robertson,
Denmark Vesey
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999), 4–5, 41–42, 47–48, 98, 123; Aptheker,
American Negro Slave Revolts
, 81, 115, 268–275; Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 142–143; Tise,
Proslavery
, 58–61.

14
. Burin,
Slavery and the Peculiar Solution
, 15–16.

15
. Ellis,
American Sphinx
, 314–326; Meacham,
Thomas Jefferson
, 475, 77.

16
. Thomas Jefferson,
Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson
, 1743–1790 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1914), 77.

17
. Edward J. Blum and Paul Harvey,
The Color of Christ: The Son of God & the Saga of Race in America
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012), 78–83, 93–100; Meacham,
Thomas Jefferson
, 473.

18
. Tise,
Proslavery
, 52–54, 302–303; James Brewer Stewart, “The Emergence of Racial Modernity and the Rise of the White North, 1790–1840,”
Journal of the Early Republic
18, no. 2 (1998): 193–195; Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 112–113.

19
. Melish, “‘Condition’ Debate,” 667–668.

20
. Hosea Easton, “An Address,” in
To Heal the Scourge of Prejudice: The Life and Writings of Hosea Easton
, ed. George R. Price and James Brewer Stewart (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999), 62.

21
.
Freedom’s Journal
, March 16, 1827.

22
. Frederick Cooper, “Elevating the Race: The Social Thought of Black Leaders, 1827–50,”
American Quarterly
24, no. 5 (1972): 606–608.

23
. González and Torres,
News for All the People
, 109–113; Stewart, “The Emergence of Racial Modernity,” 193–195.

24
. Albert Ebenezer Gurley, Charles Rogers, and Henry Porter Andrews,
The History and Genealogy of the Gurley Family
(Hartford, CT: Press of the Case, Lockwood, and Brainard Company, 1897), 72; Melish, “‘Condition’ Debate,” 658.

25
. Thomas Jefferson to Jared Sparks Monticello, February 4, 1824,
The Letters of Thomas Jefferson, 1743–1826
, American History,
www.let.rug.nl/usa/presidents/thomas-jefferson/letters-of-thomas-jefferson/jefl276.php
.

26
. “American Colonization Society,”
African Repository and Colonial Journal
1 (1825): 1, 5; T.R., “Observations of the Early History of the Negro Race,”
African Repository and Colonial Journal
1 (1825): 7–12.

27
. Meacham,
Thomas Jefferson
, 488.

28
. Bedini,
Thomas Jefferson
, 478–480; Meacham,
Thomas Jefferson
, 48, 492–496.

CHAPTER 13: GRADUAL EQUALITY

1
. Ellis,
American Sphinx
, 298.

2
. Wilder,
Ebony & Ivy
, 255, 256, 259, 265–266.

3
. Henry Mayer,
All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), 3–13; John L. Thomas,
The Liberator: William Lloyd Garrison, a Biography
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1963), 7–20, 27–42.

4
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 51–55.

5
. Ibid., 62–68.

6
. Ibid., 68–70.

7
. William Lloyd Garrison, “To the Public,”
Genius of Universal Emancipation
, September 2, 1829.

8
. David Walker,
David Walker’s Appeal
(Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1993), 36, 37, 39–42, 70, 91, 95.

9
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 77–78, 83–88, 91–94; Litwack,
North of Slavery
, 233–235.

10
. Alexis de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America
, trans. Henry Reeve, 3rd American ed., vol. 1 (New York: G. Adlard, 1839), 340–356, 374.

11
. William Lloyd Garrison, “To the Public,”
The Liberator
, January 1, 1831.

12
. William Lloyd Garrison,
An Address, Delivered Before the Free People of Color, in Philadelphia
, 2nd ed. (Boston: S. Foster, 1831), 5–6; Thomas,
The Liberator
, 152.

13
.
Minutes and Proceedings of the Second Annual Convention, for the Improvement of the Free People of Color in These United States
(Philadelphia, 1832), 34.

14
. Alexander Saxton, “Problems of Class and Race in the Origins of the Mass Circulation Press,”
American Quarterly
36, no. 2 (1984): 212, 213, 217, 231; Litwack,
North of Slavery
, 113, 119, 126, 131, 168–170; Tise,
Proslavery
, 294–302; Mayer,
All on Fire
, 117–118, 169; González and Torres,
News for All the People
, 50–51.

15
. Bruce A. Glasrud and Alan M. Smith,
Race Relations in British North America, 1607–1783
(Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1982); Litwack,
North of Slavery
, 162–164.

16
. Washington,
Medical Apartheid
, 86–90, 94–98; David R. Roediger,
The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class
, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 2007), 115–116.

17
. Leonard Cassuto,
The Inhuman Race: The Racial Grotesque in American Literature and Culture
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 139–143; Paula T. Connolly,
Slavery in American Children’s Literature, 1790–2010
(Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2013), 53, 56–57; David Kenneth Wiggins,
Glory Bound: Black Athletes in a White America
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997), 14–15; John Pendleton Kennedy,
Swallow Barn, or, a Sojourn in the Old Dominion
, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, 1832).

18
. Aptheker,
American Negro Slave Revolts
, 293–295, 300–307; Blum and Harvey,
The Color of Christ
, 123; Nat Turner and Thomas R. Gray,
The Confessions of Nat Turner
(Richmond: T. R. Gray, 1832), 9–10.

19
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 117, 120–123, 129–131; Thomas,
The Liberator
, 131–132, 136–137; Aptheker,
American Negro Slave Revolts
, 313.

20
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 131–134.

21
. William Lloyd Garrison,
Thoughts on African Colonization
(New York: Arno Press, 1968), xix, 151; Mayer,
All on Fire
, 134–139, 140.

22
. Garrison,
Thoughts on African Colonization
, ix–xi; Thomas R. Dew,
Review of the Debate in the Virginia Legislature of 1831 and 1832
(Bedbord, MA: Applewood Books, 2008), 5, 93.

23
. Litwack,
North of Slavery
, 153–158.

24
. Chancellor Harper,
Memoir on Slavery
(Charleston: James S. Burges, 1838), 55; Ralph Gurley, “Garrison’s Thoughts on African Colonization,”
African Repository and Colonial Journal
8, no. 8 (1832): 277; González and Torres,
News for All the People
, 42–44; Tise,
Proslavery
, 64–74, 267–268; Mayer,
All on Fire
, 139–145, 148, 157, 166–167.

25
. Aptheker,
Anti-Racism in U.S. History
, 129; Mayer,
All on Fire
, 170–176.