Stamped From the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (78 page)

10
. Ibn Khaldūn, Franz Rosenthal, and N. J. Dawood,
The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History
, Bollingen Series (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969), 11, 57–61, 117; Gary Taylor,
Buying Whiteness: Race, Culture, and Identity from Columbus to Hip Hop
, Signs of Race (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 222–223.

11
. Thomas,
Slave Trade
, 38–39.

CHAPTER 2: ORIGINS OF RACIST IDEAS

1
. P. E. Russell,
Prince Henry “the Navigator”: A Life
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 6.

2
. Ibid., 249; Gomes Eanes de Zurara, Charles Raymond Beazley, and Edgar Prestage,
Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea
, 2 vols. (London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1896), 1, 6, 7, 29.

3
. William McKee Evans,
Open Wound: The Long View of Race in America
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009), 17–18.

4
. Thomas,
Slave Trade
, 22–23.

5
. Zurara et al.,
Chronicle
, 81–85; Russell,
Prince Henry “the Navigator
”, 240–247, 253, 257–259.

6
. Thomas,
Slave Trade
, 74; Zurara et al.,
Chronicle
, xx–xl; Russell,
Prince Henry “the Navigator
”, 246.

7
. Zurara et al.,
Chronicle
, lv–lviii; Bethencourt,
Racisms
, 187.

8
. Thomas,
Slave Trade
, 71, 87.

9
. Lawrence Clayton, “Bartolomé de Las Casas and the African Slave Trade,”
History Compass
7, no. 6 (2009): 1527.

10
. Thomas,
Slave Trade
, 50, 104, 123; Bethencourt,
Racisms
, 177–178; David M. Traboulay,
Columbus and Las Casas: The Conquest and Christianization of America, 1492–1566
(Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1994), 58–59.

11
. Lawrence A. Clayton,
Bartolomé de Las Casas: A Biography
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 349–353, 420–428; Bethencourt,
Racisms
, 233; Peter N. Stearns,
Sexuality in World History
(New York: Routledge, 2009), 108.

12
. Leo Africanus, John Pory, and Robert Brown,
The History and Description of Africa
, 3 vols. (London: Hakluyt Society, 1896), 130, 187–190.

13
. Washington,
Anti-Blackness
, 105–111; Thomas,
Slave Trade
, 153–159.

CHAPTER 3: COMING TO AMERICA

1
. Charles de Miramon, “Noble Dogs, Noble Blood: The Invention of the Concept of Race in the Late Middle Ages,” in
The Origins of Racism in the West
, ed. Miriam Eliav-Feldon, Benjamin H. Isaac, and Joseph Ziegler (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 200–203; Stearns,
Sexuality in World History
, 108; Winthrop D. Jordan,
White over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968), 28–32.

2
. Taylor,
Buying Whiteness
, 222–223; Washington,
Anti-Blackness
, 113–114.

3
. Edmund S. Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1975), 14–17; Washington,
Anti-Blackness
, 146–154.

4
. Everett H. Emerson,
John Cotton
(New York: Twayne, 1965), 18, 20, 37, 88, 98, 100, 108–109, 111, 131; Washington,
Anti-Blackness
, 174–182.

5
. Washington,
Anti-Blackness
, 196–200.

6
. Taylor,
Buying Whiteness
, 224.

7
. Anthony Gerard Barthelemy,
Black Face, Maligned Race: The Representation of Blacks in English Drama from Shakespeare to Southerne
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), 72–73, 91–93; Bethencourt,
Racisms
, 98–99.

8
. Jordan,
White over Black
, 37–40.

9
. Tim Hashaw,
The Birth of Black America: The First African Americans and the Pursuit of Freedom at Jamestown
(New York: Carroll and Graf, 2007), 3–11.

10
. Paul Lewis,
The Great Rogue: A Biography of Captain John Smith
(New York: D. McKay, 1966), 57–150; Wilder,
Ebony & Ivy
, 33.

11
. Ronald T. Takaki,
A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1993), 26–29.

12
. Lewis,
Great Rogue
, 2, 244–257; Vaughan,
Roots of American Racism
, 304–305.

13
. Jordan,
White over Black
, 33; Tommy Lee Lott,
The Invention of Race: Black Culture and the Politics of Representation
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1999), 9; Takaki,
Different Mirror
, 51–53; Washington,
Anti-Blackness
, 15, 154–157; Vaughan,
Roots of American Racism
, 164; Taylor,
Buying Whiteness
, 221–229.

14
. Jackson,
Introduction to African Civilizations
, 217–218.

15
. Hashaw,
Birth of Black America
, xv–xvi.

16
. Jon Meacham,
Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power
(New York: Random House, 2012), 5.

17
. Vaughan,
Roots of American Racism
, 130–134; Paula Giddings,
When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America
(New York: W. Morrow, 1984), 35.

18
. Cedric B. Cowing,
The Saving Remnant: Religion and the Settling of New England
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 18–19; Washington,
Anti-Blackness
, 191–196, 240–241; Francis D. Adams and Barry Sanders,
Alienable Rights: The Exclusion of African Americans in a White Man’s Land, 1619–2000
(New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 8–9.

19
. Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom
, 225, 319.

20
. Taunya Lovell Banks, “Dangerous Woman: Elizabeth Key’s Freedom Suit—Subjecthood and Racialized Identity in Seventeenth Century Colonial Virginia,”
Akron Law Review
41, no. 3 (2008): 799–837; Warren M. Billings, “The Cases of Fernando and Elizabeth Key: A Note on the Status of Blacks in Seventeenth Century Virginia,”
William and Mary Quarterly
30, no. 3 (1973): 467–474; Anthony S. Parent,
Foul Means: The Formation of a Slave Society in Virginia, 1660–1740
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 110–111.

21
. Thomas,
Slave Trade
; Thomas C. Holt,
Children of Fire: A History of African Americans
(New York: Hill and Wang, 2010), 60–61.

22
. Warren M. Billings, ed.,
The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century: A Documentary History of Virginia, 1606–1689
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975), 172; Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom
, 311; Parent,
Foul Means
, 123.

23
. Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom
, 334–336.

24
. Derek Hughes,
Versions of Blackness: Key Texts on Slavery from the Seventeenth Century
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007), vii–xi, 5–17.

25
. Sharon Block, “Rape and Race in Colonial Newspapers, 1728–1776,”
Journalism History
27, no. 4 (2001–2002): 146, 149–152.

26
. Greene,
The Negro in Colonial New England
, 165; Stephan Talty,
Mulatto America: At the Crossroads of Black and White Culture: A Social History
(New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 52–53.

27
. Richard Ligon and Karen Ordahl Kupperman,
A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbados
(Indianapolis: Hackett, 2011), vi; Cotton Mather, Samuel Mather, and Edmund Calamy,
Memoirs of the Life of the Late Reverend Increase Mather
(London: J. Clark and R. Hett, 1725), 66; Taylor,
Buying Whiteness
, 270–273.

28
. Taylor,
Buying Whiteness
, 271–294.

29
. Ibid., 296–300.

CHAPTER 4: SAVING SOULS, NOT BODIES

1
. Washington,
Anti-Blackness
, 455–456; Greene,
The Negro in Colonial New England
, 275; Jeffrey Robert Young, “Introduction,” in
Proslavery and Sectional Thought in the Early South, 1740–1829: An Anthology
, ed. Jeffrey Robert Young (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2006), 19–21; Brycchan Carey,
From Peace to Freedom: Quaker Rhetoric and the Birth of American Antislavery, 1657–1761
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), 7–8.

2
. Richard Baxter,
A Christian Directory
(London: Richard Edwards, 1825), 216–220.

3
. Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom
, 311–312; Adams and Sanders,
Alienable Rights
, 10; Billings,
Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century
, 172–173.

4
. Ann Talbot, “
The Great Ocean of Knowledge”: The Influence of Travel Literature on the Work of John Locke
(Leiden: Brill, 2010), 3–4; Taylor,
Buying Whiteness
, 334.

5
. R. S. Woolhouse,
Locke: A Biography
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 98, 276; Young, “Introduction,” 18.

6
. Charles F. Irons,
The Origins of Proslavery Christianity: White and Black Evangelicals in Colonial and Antebellum Virginia
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 28–29; David R. Roediger,
How Race Survived U.S. History: From Settlement and Slavery to the Obama Phenomenon
(London: Verso, 2008), 10; Taylor,
Buying Whiteness
, 313–323; Hughes,
Versions of Blackness
, 344–348; Parent,
Foul Means
, 240–241.

7
. Washington,
Anti-Blackness
, 460–461; Hildegard Binder-Johnson, “The Germantown Protest of 1688 Against Negro Slavery,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
65 (1941): 151; Katharine Gerbner, “‘We Are Against the Traffik of Men-Body’: The Germantown Quaker Protest of 1688 and the Origins of American Abolitionism,”
Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies
74, no. 2 (2007): 159–166; Thomas,
Slave Trade
, 458; “William Edmundson,”
The Friend: A Religious and Literary Journal
7, no. 1 (1833): 5–6.